Methods and apparatus to associate transactions with media impressions

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus to associate transactions with media impressions are disclosed. An example method includes transmitting a request for commercial transaction information to a database proprietor, the request including an identifier corresponding to a media impression associated with media presented via a computing device; receiving the commercial transaction information in response to the request, the commercial transaction information comprising data associated with a commercial transaction conducted using an account accessed by the computing device; and associating the media impression with the commercial transaction.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to monitoring media and, moreparticularly, to methods and apparatus to associate transactions withmedia impressions.

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, audience measurement entities determine audienceengagement levels for media programming based on registered panelmembers. That is, an audience measurement entity enrolls people whoconsent to being monitored into a panel. The audience measurement entitythen monitors those panel members to determine media (e.g., televisionprograms or radio programs, movies, DVDs, advertisements, etc.) exposedto those panel members. In this manner, the audience measurement entitycan determine exposure measures for different media based on thecollected media measurement data.

Techniques for monitoring user access to Internet resources such as webpages, advertisements and/or other media have evolved significantly overthe years. Some prior systems perform such monitoring primarily throughserver logs. In particular, entities serving media on the Internet canuse such prior systems to log the number of requests received for theirmedia at their server.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an example system to collect impressions of mediapresented at mobile devices and to collect user information fromdistributed database proprietors for associating with the collectedimpressions.

FIG. 2 is an example impression-transaction analyzer which may beimplemented in the example audience measurement server of FIG. 1 tocompare and/or match impression information associated with a mobiledevice to transaction information performed using a user accountaccessed by the mobile device.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example table illustrating an exampledetermination of publisher effectiveness.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the data in the example table of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example transaction information providerthat may be used to implement the example merchant database proprietorof FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions which may be executed to implement the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer of FIG. 2 to associate media impressionsto transaction information.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions which may be executed to implement the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer of FIG. 2 to correlate transactionsinvolving a product to media impressions corresponding to the product.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a flow diagram representative of example machinereadable instructions which may be executed to implement the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer of FIG. 2 to determine media andpublisher effectiveness.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions which may be executed to implement the example transactioninformation provider of FIG. 5 to associate device/user identifiers tomerchant database proprietor accounts.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions which may be executed to implement the example transactioninformation provider of FIG. 5 to provide transaction information.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions which may be executed to implement the example transactioninformation provider of FIG. 5 to provide transaction information.

FIG. 12 is an example processor platform that may be used to execute theexample instructions of FIGS. 6-11 to implement example apparatus andsystems disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Techniques for monitoring user access to Internet resources such as webpages, advertisements and/or other media have evolved significantly overthe years. At one point in the past, such monitoring was done primarilythrough server logs. In particular, entities serving media on theInternet would log the number of requests received for their media attheir server. Basing Internet usage research on server logs isproblematic for several reasons. For example, server logs can betampered with either directly or via zombie programs which repeatedlyrequest media from servers to increase the server log countscorresponding to the requested media. Secondly, media is sometimesretrieved once, cached locally and then repeatedly viewed from the localcache without involving the server in the repeat viewings. Server logscannot track these views of cached media because reproducing locallycached media does not require re-requesting the media from a server.Thus, server logs are susceptible to both over-counting andunder-counting errors.

The inventions disclosed in Blumenau, U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,637,fundamentally changed the way Internet monitoring is performed andovercame the limitations of the server side log monitoring techniquesdescribed above. For example, Blumenau disclosed a technique whereinInternet media to be tracked is tagged with beacon instructions. Inparticular, monitoring instructions are associated with the HypertextMarkup Language (HTML) of the media to be tracked. When a clientrequests the media, both the media and the beacon instructions aredownloaded to the client. The beacon instructions are, thus, executedwhenever the media is accessed, be it from a server or from a cache.

The beacon instructions cause monitoring data reflecting informationabout the access to the media to be sent from the client that downloadedthe media to a monitoring entity. Typically, the monitoring entity is anaudience measurement entity (AME) (e.g., any entity interested inmeasuring or tracking audience exposures to advertisements, media,and/or any other media) that did not provide the media to the client andwho is a trusted third party for providing accurate usage statistics(e.g., The Nielsen Company, LLC). Advantageously, because the beaconinginstructions are associated with the media and executed by the clientbrowser whenever the media is accessed, the monitoring information isprovided to the AME irrespective of whether the client is a panelist ofthe AME.

It is useful, however, to link demographics and/or other userinformation to the monitoring information. To address this issue, theAME establishes a panel of users who have agreed to provide theirdemographic information and to have their Internet browsing activitiesmonitored. When an individual joins the panel, they provide detailedinformation concerning their identity and demographics (e.g., gender,race, income, home location, occupation, etc.) to the AME. The AME setsa cookie on the panelist computer that enables the AME to identify thepanelist whenever the panelist accesses tagged media and, thus, sendsmonitoring information to the AME.

Since most of the clients providing monitoring information from thetagged pages are not panelists and, thus, are unknown to the AME, it isnecessary to use statistical methods to impute demographic informationbased on the data collected for panelists to the larger population ofusers providing data for the tagged media. However, panel sizes of AMEsremain small compared to the general population of users. Thus, aproblem is presented as to how to increase panel sizes while ensuringthe demographics data of the panel is accurate.

There are many database proprietors operating on the Internet. Thesedatabase proprietors provide services (e.g., social networking services,email services, media access services, etc.) to large numbers ofsubscribers. In exchange for the provision of such services, thesubscribers register with the proprietors. As part of this registration,the subscribers provide detailed demographic information. Examples ofsuch database proprietors include social network providers such asFacebook, Myspace, Twitter, etc. These database proprietors set cookieson the computers of their subscribers to enable the database proprietorsto recognize registered users when such registered users visit theirwebsites.

Traditionally, AMEs (also referred to herein as “ratings entities”)determine reach for advertising and media programming based onregistered panel members. That is, an AME enrolls people that consent tobeing monitored into a panel. During enrollment, the AME receivesinformation from the enrolling people so that subsequent correlationsmay be made between advertisement/media exposure to those panelists anddifferent demographic markets. Unlike traditional techniques in whichAMEs rely solely on their own panel member data to collectdemographics-based audience measurement, example methods, apparatus,and/or articles of manufacture disclosed herein enable an AME to shareinformation with other entities that operate based on user registrationmodels. As used herein, a user registration model is a model in whichusers subscribe to services of those entities by creating an account andproviding information about themselves. Sharing of informationassociated with registered users of database proprietors enables an AMEto extend or supplement their panel data with substantially reliableinformation from external sources (e.g., database proprietors), thusextending the coverage, accuracy, and/or completeness of their audiencemeasurements. Such access also enables the AME to monitor persons whowould not otherwise have joined an AME panel. Any entity having adatabase identifying characteristics of a set of individuals maycooperate with the AME. Such entities may be referred to as “databaseproprietors” and include entities such as wireless service carriers,mobile software/service providers, social medium sites (e.g., Facebook,Twitter, Google, etc.), and/or any other Internet sites such as Yahoo!,MSN, Apple iTunes, Experian, etc. that collect demographic data of userswhich may be in exchange for a service.

Examples disclosed herein may be implemented by an AME (e.g., any entityinterested in measuring or tracking audience exposures toadvertisements, media, and/or any other media) in cooperation with anynumber of database proprietors such as online web services providers todevelop online media exposure metrics. Such database proprietors/onlineweb services providers may be wireless service carriers, mobilesoftware/service providers, social network sites (e.g., Facebook,Twitter, MySpace, etc.), multi-service sites (e.g., Yahoo!, Google,Experian, etc.), online retailer sites (e.g., Amazon.com, Buy.com,etc.), and/or any other web service(s) site that maintains userregistration records.

An impression corresponds to a home or individual having been exposed tothe corresponding media and/or advertisement. Thus, an impressionrepresents a home or an individual having been exposed to anadvertisement or media or group of advertisements or media. In Internetadvertising, a quantity of impressions or impression count is the totalnumber of times an advertisement or advertisement campaign has beenaccessed by a web population (e.g., including number of times accessedas decreased by, for example, pop-up blockers and/or increased by, forexample, retrieval from local cache memory).

As used herein, the term “product” is expressly defined to refer to anytype of purchasable item, whether tangible or intangible. In particular,the term “product” is expressly defined to include goods, services,combinations of goods and/or services, and items that are part-good andpart-service.

Examples methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be used to correlatemedia impressions occurring on mobile devices to subsequent commercialtransactions. Example commercial transactions include purchases of aproduct from an online merchant such as Amazon®, eBay®, or any otheronline merchant, including online merchants that also have physicallocations at which transactions may occur directly with consumers (e.g.,brick and mortar stores). Example methods and apparatus disclosed hereinmay be used to measure the effectiveness of mobile advertising campaignsby comparing sales of a product from a time period prior to anadvertising campaign to sales of the product from a time periodsubsequent to an advertising campaign. Additionally or alternatively,disclosed example methods and apparatus may be used to compare theeffectiveness of media between different publishers (e.g., publishereffectiveness).

Significantly, example methods and apparatus disclosed herein arecapable of tracking the correlation of media impressions to changes inpurchase habits at the individual user account level (e.g., an accountkept with the merchant by a user, which is used to purchase a productfrom that merchant). For example, a media impression occurring at adevice having a unique identifier may be matched to the subsequentpurchase of a product advertised in the media impression. In response,examples disclosed herein may be used to draw the inference that themedia impression was related to influencing the subsequent purchase.Additionally, the correlation between media impressions and sales can bedetermined for devices and/or user accounts with which the audiencemeasurement entity does not have any prior information or priorrelationship.

To match media impressions to purchases, example methods and apparatusdisclosed herein utilize a user/device identifier and media impressioninformation collected from a mobile device. The example media impressioninformation represents media impressions occurring at the mobile device.In example methods and apparatus, commercial transaction informationassociated with the user/device identifier is also obtained. Examplecommercial transaction information includes data describing commercialtransactions conducted using an account that has been accessed by adevice associated with the user/device identifier. A user account may becorrelated to multiple unique identifiers. Example methods and apparatusdisclosed herein associate the media impression information with thecommercial transaction information to, for example, determine a causeand effect relationship between the impression and the commercialtransaction. Examples disclosed herein may match impressions occurringon one device with transactions performed using a different device.

Examples of device types from which user/device identifiers may becollected include smartphones (e.g., iPhones, Android OS-basedsmartphones, Blackberry smartphones, Windows Mobile-based smartphones,etc.), tablet computers (e.g., iPads, Android OS-based tablet computers,etc.), portable media players (e.g., iPods, etc.), and/or other devicetypes. Such device types may be cookie-based devices (e.g., devices thatrun cookie-based applications/software) and/or non-cookie-based devices(e.g., devices such as Apple iOS devices that run applications/softwarethat do not employ cookies).

While examples disclosed herein are described with reference tocompensating or adjusting impression information obtained from mobiledevices, the examples are also applicable to non-mobile devices such asdesktop computers, televisions, video game consoles, and/or otherdevices.

In contrast to prior art methods of evaluating the effectiveness ofmedia, example methods and apparatus disclosed herein leverage thecomputing device-based and network-based delivery of media impressions,as well as the use of online transaction platforms, to evaluate theeffectiveness of media at actually driving (or inhibiting) salesactivity. Some such example methods and apparatus reduce the manualresources, computing resources, and networking resources used tocollect, analyze, and/or correlate impression information andtransaction information to evaluate media effectiveness at drivingproduct sales. Some examples enable the conservation of computing and/ornetworking resources by relating transactions to impressions via aunique identifier, thereby reducing or eliminating computations and/orcommunications previously required to determine a transaction from theoccurrence of an impression at a computing device (e.g., identifying theuser, retrieving information about the user, determining whether theuser has an account at a merchant, obtaining permission from the user toaccess his or her account information, sorting through the transactionsto identify the products, etc.).

Furthermore, example methods and apparatus disclosed herein provide moreaccurate measurements than prior methods of estimating mediaeffectiveness at driving product sales, because the impression data andthe transaction data more accurately reflect the actual incidences ofimpressions and sales and because impressions are linked directly tocorresponding sales by relating the impression data to the transactiondata. This achieves a significant improvement in the audience analyticsand advertising field. Such improvements can reduce the amount ofnetwork resources used for delivering advertisements by enabling thequick elimination of ineffective advertisements and/or ineffectiveadvertisement platforms. In a world of limited resources, thiselimination of waste has the beneficial effect of freeing resources forother beneficial purposes.

FIG. 1 depicts an example system 100 to collect user information (e.g.,user information 102) from a database proprietor 104 for associatingwith impressions of media presented at a mobile device 106. In theillustrated examples, user information 102 or user data includes one ormore of demographic data, purchase data, and/or other data indicative ofuser activities, behaviors, and/or preferences related to informationaccessed via the Internet, purchases, media accessed on electronicdevices, physical locations (e.g., retail or commercial establishments,restaurants, venues, etc.) visited by users, etc. Examples disclosedherein are described in connection with a mobile device, which may be amobile phone, a mobile communication device, a tablet, a gaming device,a portable media presentation device, etc. However, examples disclosedherein may be implemented in connection with non-mobile devices such asinternet appliances, smart televisions, internet terminals, computers,or any other device capable of presenting media received via networkcommunications.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 1, to track media impressions on themobile device 106, an audience measurement entity (AME) 108 partnerswith or cooperates with an app publisher 110 to download and install adata collector 112 on the mobile device 106. In the example of FIG. 1,the AME 108 provides the data collector 112 to the app publisher 110 forinclusion of the data collector 112 in apps downloaded by mobile devicesfrom the app publisher 110. The app publisher 110 of the illustratedexample may be a software app developer that develops and distributesapps to mobile devices and/or a distributor that receives apps fromsoftware app developers and distributes the apps to mobile devices. Thedata collector 112 may be included in other software loaded onto themobile device 106, such as the operating system 114, an application (orapp) 116, a web browser 117, and/or any other software.

Any of the example software 114-117 may present media 118 received froma media publisher 120. The media 118 may be an advertisement, video,audio, text, a graphic, a web page, news, educational media,entertainment media, or any other type of media. In the illustratedexample, a media ID 122 is provided in the media 118 to enableidentifying the media 118 so that the AME 108 can credit the media 118with media impressions when the media 118 is presented on the mobiledevice 106 or any other device that is monitored by the AME 108.

The data collector 112 of the illustrated example includes instructions(e.g., Java, java script, or any other computer language or script)that, when executed by the mobile device 106, cause the mobile device106 to collect the media ID 122 of the media 118 presented by the appprogram 116 and/or the mobile device 106, and to collect one or moredevice/user identifier(s) 124 stored in the mobile device 106. Thedevice/user identifier(s) 124 of the illustrated example includeidentifiers that can be used by the demographic database proprietor 104to identify the user or users of the mobile device 106, and to locateuser information 102 corresponding to the user(s). For example, thedevice/user identifier(s) 124 may include hardware identifiers (e.g., aninternational mobile equipment identity (IMEI), a mobile equipmentidentifier (MEID), a media access control (MAC) address, etc.), an appstore identifier (e.g., a Google Android ID, an Apple ID, an Amazon ID,etc.), an open source unique device identifier (OpenUDID), an opendevice identification number (ODIN), a login identifier (e.g., ausername), an email address, user agent data (e.g., application type,operating system, software vendor, software revision, etc.), third-partyservice identifiers (e.g., an “Identifier for Advertising” (IDFA),advertising service identifiers, device usage analytics serviceidentifiers, demographics collection service identifiers), web storagedata, document object model (DOM) storage data, local shared objects(also referred to as “Flash cookies”), etc. In some examples, fewer ormore device/user identifier(s) 124 may be used. In addition, althoughonly one demographic database proprietor 104 is shown in FIG. 1, the AME108 may partner with any number of demographic database proprietors tocollect distributed user information (e.g., the user information 102).

In some examples, the mobile device 106 may not allow access toidentification information stored in the mobile device 106. For suchinstances, the disclosed examples enable the AME 108 to store anAME-provided identifier (e.g., an identifier managed and tracked by theAME 108) in the mobile device 106 to track media impressions on themobile device 106. For example, the AME 108 may provide instructions inthe data collector 112 to set an AME-provided identifier in memory spaceaccessible by and/or allocated to the app program 116. In some suchexamples, the data collector 112 uses the identifier as a device/useridentifier 124. In such examples, the AME-provided identifier set by thedata collector 112 persists in the memory space even when the appprogram 116 and the data collector 112 are not running. In this manner,the same AME-provided identifier can remain associated with the mobiledevice 106 for extended durations and/or be used across multiple apps.In some examples in which the data collector 112 sets an identifier inthe mobile device 106, the AME 108 may recruit a user of the mobiledevice 106 as a panelist, and may store user information collected fromthe user during a panelist registration process and/or collected bymonitoring user activities/behavior via the mobile device 106 and/or anyother device used by the user and monitored by the AME 108. In thismanner, the AME 108 can associate user information of the user (frompanelist data stored by the AME 108) with media impressions attributedto the user on the mobile device 106.

In the illustrated example, the data collector 112 sends the media ID122 and the one or more device/user identifier(s) 124 as collected data126 to the app publisher 110. Alternatively, the data collector 112 maybe configured to send the collected data 126 to another collectionentity (other than the app publisher 110) that has been contracted bythe AME 108 or is partnered with the AME 108 to collect media ID's(e.g., the media ID 122) and device/user identifiers (e.g., thedevice/user identifier(s) 124) from mobile devices (e.g., the mobiledevice 106).

In the illustrated example, the app publisher 110 (or a collectionentity) sends the media ID 122 and the device/user identifier(s) 124 asimpression data 130 to a server 132 at the AME 108. The impression data130 of the illustrated example may include one media ID 122 and one ormore device/user identifier(s) 124 to report a single impression of themedia 118, or it may include numerous media ID's 122 and device/useridentifier(s) 124 based on numerous instances of collected data (e.g.,the collected data 126) received from the mobile device 106 and/or othermobile devices to report multiple impressions of media.

In the illustrated example, the server 132 stores the impression data130 in an AME media impressions store 134 (e.g., a database or otherdata structure). Subsequently, the AME 108 sends the device/useridentifier(s) 124 to the demographic database proprietor 104 to receiveuser information 102 corresponding to the device/user identifier(s) 124from the demographic database proprietor 104 so that the AME 108 canassociate the user information with corresponding media impressions ofmedia (e.g., the media 118) presented at mobile devices (e.g., themobile device 106).

In some examples, to protect the privacy of the user of the mobiledevice 106, the media identifier 122 and/or the device/useridentifier(s) 124 are encrypted before they are sent to the AME 108and/or to the demographic database proprietor 104. In other examples,the media identifier 122 and/or the device/user identifier(s) 124 arenot encrypted.

After the AME 108 receives the device/user identifier(s) 124, the AME108 sends device/user identifier logs 136 to the demographic databaseproprietor 104. In some examples, each of the device/user identifierlogs 136 may include a single device/user identifier 124, or it mayinclude numerous aggregate device/user identifiers 124 received overtime from one or more mobile devices. After receiving the device/useridentifier logs 136, the demographic database proprietor 104 looks upits users corresponding to the device/user identifiers 124 in therespective logs 136. In this manner, the demographic database proprietor104 collects user information 102 corresponding to users identified inthe device/user identifier logs 136 for sending to the AME 108. Forexample, if the demographic database proprietor 104 is a wirelessservice provider and the device/user identifier log 136 includes IMEInumbers recognizable by the wireless service provider, the wirelessservice provider accesses its subscriber records to find users havingIMEI numbers matching the IMEI numbers received in the device/useridentifier log 136. When the users are identified, the wireless serviceprovider copies the users' user information to the user information 102for delivery to the AME 108.

In some other examples, the data collector 112 is configured to collectthe device/user identifier(s) 124 from the mobile device 106. Theexample data collector 112 sends the device/user identifier(s) 124 tothe app publisher 110 in the collected data 126, and it also sends thedevice/user identifier(s) 124 to the media publisher 120. In some suchother examples, the data collector 112 does not collect the media ID 122from the media 118 at the mobile device 106 as the data collector 112does in the example system 100 of FIG. 1. Instead, the media publisher120 that publishes the media 118 to the mobile device 106 retrieves themedia ID 122 from the media 118 that it publishes. The media publisher120 then associates the media ID 122 to the device/user identifier(s)124 received from the data collector 112 executing in the mobile device106, and sends collected data 138 to the app publisher 110 that includesthe media ID 122 and the associated device/user identifier(s) 124 of themobile device 106. For example, when the media publisher 120 sends themedia 118 to the mobile device 106, it does so by identifying the mobiledevice 106 as a destination device for the media 118 using one or moreof the device/user identifier(s) 124 received from the mobile device106. In this manner, the media publisher 120 can associate the media ID122 of the media 118 with the device/user identifier(s) 124 of themobile device 106 indicating that the media 118 was sent to theparticular mobile device 106 for presentation (e.g., to generate animpression of the media 118).

In some other examples in which the data collector 112 is configured tosend the device/user identifier(s) 124 to the media publisher 120, thedata collector 112 does not collect the media ID 122 from the media 118at the mobile device 106. Instead, the media publisher 120 thatpublishes the media 118 to the mobile device 106 also retrieves themedia ID 122 from the media 118 that it publishes. The media publisher120 then associates the media ID 122 with the device/user identifier(s)124 of the mobile device 106. The media publisher 120 then sends theimpression data 130, including the media ID 122 and the device/useridentifier(s) 124, to the AME 108. For example, when the media publisher120 sends the media 118 to the mobile device 106, it does so byidentifying the mobile device 106 as a destination device for the media118 using one or more of the device/user identifier(s) 124. In thismanner, the media publisher 120 can associate the media ID 122 of themedia 118 with the device/user identifier(s) 124 of the mobile device106 indicating that the media 118 was sent to the particular mobiledevice 106 for presentation (e.g., to generate an impression of themedia 118). In the illustrated example, after the AME 108 receives theimpression data 130 from the media publisher 120, the AME 108 can thensend the device/user identifier log 136 to the demographic databaseproprietor 104 to request the user information 102 as described above inconnection with FIG. 1.

Although the media publisher 120 is shown separate from the apppublisher 110 in FIG. 1, the app publisher 110 may implement at leastsome of the operations of the media publisher 120 to send the media 118to the mobile device 106 for presentation. For example, advertisementproviders, media providers, or other information providers may sendmedia (e.g., the media 118) to the app publisher 110 for publishing tothe mobile device 106 via, for example, the app program 116 when it isexecuting on the mobile device 106. In some such examples, the apppublisher 110 implements the operations described above as beingperformed by the media publisher 120.

Additionally or alternatively, in contrast with the examples describedabove in which the mobile device 106 sends device/user identifiers 124to the audience measurement entity 108 (e.g., via the applicationpublisher 110, the media publisher 120, and/or another entity), in otherexamples the mobile device 106 (e.g., the data collector 112 installedon the mobile device 106) sends the identifiers (e.g., the user/deviceidentifier(s) 124) directly to the database proprietor 104 (e.g., notvia the AME 108). In some such examples, the example mobile device 106sends the media identifier 122 to the audience measurement entity 108(e.g., directly or through an intermediary such as via the applicationpublisher 110), but does not send the media identifier 122 to thedatabase proprietors 104.

As mentioned above, the example demographic database proprietor 104provides the user information 102 to the example AME 108 for matchingwith the media identifier 122 to form media impression information. Asalso mentioned above, the database proprietor 104 is not provided copiesof the media identifier 122. Instead, the mobile device 106 provides thedatabase proprietor 104 with impression identifiers 140. An impressionidentifier 140 uniquely identifies an impression event relative to otherimpression events of the mobile device 106 (and relative to theimpression events of other devices) so that an occurrence of animpression at the mobile device 106 can be distinguished from otheroccurrences of impressions. However, the impression identifier 140 doesnot itself identify the media associated with that impression event. Insuch examples, the impression data 130 from the mobile device 106 to theAME 108 also includes the impression identifier 140 and thecorresponding media identifier 122.

To match the user information 102 with the media identifier 122, theexample demographic database proprietor 104 provides the userinformation 102 to the AME 108 in association with the impressionidentifier 140 for the impression event that triggered the collection ofthe user information 102. In this manner, the AME 108 can match theimpression identifier 140 received from the mobile device 106 to acorresponding impression identifier 140 received from the demographicdatabase proprietor 104 to associate the media identifier 122 receivedfrom the mobile device 106 with demographic information in the userinformation 102 received from the database proprietor 104. Theimpression identifier 140 can additionally be used for reducing oravoiding duplication of demographic information. For example, theexample demographic database proprietor 104 may provide the userinformation 102 and the impression identifier 140 to the AME 108 on aper-impression basis (e.g., each time a mobile device 106 sends arequest including a device/user identifier 124 and an impressionidentifier 140 to the demographic database proprietor 104) and/or on anaggregated basis (e.g., send a set of user information 102, which mayinclude indications of multiple impressions at a mobile device 102(e.g., multiple impression identifiers 140), to the AME 108 presented atthe mobile device 106).

The above examples illustrate methods and apparatus for collectingimpression data at an audience measurement entity (or other entity). Theexamples discussed above may be used to collect impression informationfor any type of media, including static media (e.g., advertisingimages), streaming media (e.g., streaming video and/or audio, includingcontent, advertising, and/or other types of media), and/or other typesof media. For static media (e.g., media that does not have a timecomponent such as images, text, a webpage, etc.), in some examples theAME 108 records an impression once for each occurrence of the mediabeing presented, delivered, or otherwise provided to the mobile device106. For streaming media (e.g., video, audio, etc.), in some examplesthe example AME 108 measures demographics for media occurring over aperiod of time. For example, the AME 108 (e.g., via the app publisher110 and/or the media publisher 120) provides beacon instructions to aclient application or client software (e.g., the OS 114, the web browser117, the app 116, etc.) executing on the mobile device 106 when media isloaded at client application/software 114-117. In some such examples,the beacon instructions cause the client application/software 114-117 totransmit a request (e.g., a pingback message) to an impressionmonitoring server at regular and/or irregular intervals (e.g., everyminute, every 30 seconds, every 2 minutes, etc.). The example impressionmonitoring server 132 identifies the requests from the web browser 117and, in combination with one or more database proprietors, matches theimpression information for the media with demographics of the user ofthe web browser 117.

In some examples, a user loads (e.g., via the browser 117) a web pagefrom a web site publisher (e.g., a web page corresponding to aparticular 60 minute video). An instruction which is a part of orreferred to by the example web page (e.g., a beacon instruction) causesthe browser 117 and/or the data collector 112 to send a pingback message(e.g., a beacon request) to a beacon server 142. For example, when thebeacon instructions are executed by the example browser 117, the beaconinstructions cause the data collector 112 to send pingback messages(e.g., beacon requests, HTTP requests, pings) to the impressionmonitoring server 132 at designated intervals (e.g., once every minuteor any other suitable interval). The example beacon instructions (or aredirect message from, for example, the impression monitoring server 132or the database proprietor 104) further cause the browser 117 and/or thedata collector 112 to send pingback messages or beacon requests to thedatabase proprietor 104 that collect and/or maintain demographicinformation about users.

The database proprietor 104 transmits demographic information about theuser associated with the data collector 112 and/or the browser 117 forcombining or associating with the impression determined by theimpression monitoring server 132. If the user closes the web pagecontaining the video before the end of the video, the beaconinstructions are stopped, and the data collector 112 stops sending thepingback messages to the impression monitoring server 132. In someexamples, the pingback messages include timestamps and/or otherinformation indicative of the locations in the video to which thenumerous pingback messages correspond. By determining a number and/orcontent of the pingback messages received at the impression monitoringserver 132 from the mobile device 106, the example impression monitoringserver 132 can determine that the user watched a particular length ofthe video (e.g., a portion of the video for which pingback messages werereceived at the impression monitoring server 132).

The mobile device 106 of the illustrated example executes a clientapplication/software 114-117 that retrieves data from a host website(e.g., www.acme.com) that provides (e.g., serves) the media 118 (e.g.,audio, video, interactive media, streaming media, etc.) is obtained forpresenting via the mobile device 106. In the illustrated example, themedia 118 (e.g., advertisements and/or content) is tagged withidentifier information (e.g., a media ID 122, a creative type ID, aplacement ID, a publisher source URL, etc.) and a beacon instruction.The example beacon instruction causes the client application/software114-117 to request further beacon instructions from a beacon server 142that will instruct the client application/software 114-117 on how andwhere to send beacon requests to report impressions of the media 118.For example, the example client application/software 114-117 transmits arequest including an identification of the media 118 (e.g., the mediaidentifier 122) to the beacon server 142. The beacon server 142generates and/or returns beacon instructions 144 to the example mobiledevice 106. Although the beacon server 142 and the impression monitoringserver 132 are shown separately, in some examples the beacon server 142and the impression monitoring server 132 are combined. In theillustrated example, beacon instructions 144 include a URL of thedatabase proprietor (e.g., the demographic database proprietors 104) orany other server to which the mobile device 106 should send beaconrequests (e.g., impression requests). In some examples, a pingbackmessage or beacon request may be implemented as an HTTP request.However, whereas a transmitted HTTP request identifies a webpage orother resource to be downloaded, the pingback message or beacon requestincludes audience measurement information (e.g., ad campaignidentification, content identifier, and/or device/user identificationinformation) as its payload. The server to which the pingback message orbeacon request is directed is programmed to log the audience measurementdata of the pingback message or beacon request as an impression (e.g.,an ad and/or content impression depending on the nature of the mediatagged with the beaconing instructions). In some examples, the taggedmedia 118 include the beacon instructions 144. In such examples, theclient application/software 114-117 does not need to request beaconinstructions 144 from a beacon server 142 because the beaconinstructions 144 are already provided in the tagged media 118.

When the beacon instructions 144 are executed by the mobile device 106,the beacon instructions 144 cause the mobile device 106 to send beaconrequests (e.g., repeatedly at designated intervals) to a remote server(e.g., the impression monitoring server 132, the media publisher 120,the database proprietor 104, or another server) specified in the beaconinstructions 144. In the illustrated example, the specified server is aserver of the audience measurement entity 108, such as the impressionmonitoring server 132. The beacon instructions 144 may be implementedusing Javascript or any other types of instructions or script executablevia a client application (e.g., a web browser) including, for example,Java, HTML, etc.

While the example system 100 of FIG. 1 is illustrated as having onedatabase proprietor 104, multiple database proprietors 104 may be used.

Many applications and websites are available that enable users of mobiledevices to perform commercial transactions with a merchant (e.g., aretailer, an online merchant, a club store, a wholesaler, or any otherpurveyor of goods or services). For example, Amazon® provides anapplication for devices to enable a user of the device to login to anAmazon account, browse and/or search for items, add the items to ashopping cart, enter payment information, configure shipping details,and/or finalize an order. Amazon provides such an application formultiple different types of devices (e.g., devices executing differentoperating systems). Many other such applications are available for othermerchants. Merchants who also have physical locations at whichtransactions can be performed often provide applications for performingcommercial transactions from electronic devices similar to thetransaction described above.

The example system 100 of FIG. 1 includes a merchant database proprietor146. The example merchant database proprietor 146 of FIG. 1 storesaccount information for users who have registered with the merchantdatabase proprietor 146. In the example of FIG. 1, users who registerwith the merchant database proprietor 146 are then permitted to placeorders for (e.g., purchase) products offered by the merchant databaseproprietor 146 and/or offered by third parties using ordering servicesprovided by the merchant database proprietor 146. For example, themerchant database proprietor 146 may list products offered by a thirdparty, facilitate payment by the user for a purchased product, and/orfacilitate shipping of the purchased product to the user.

The example merchant database proprietor 146 of FIG. 1 provides anapplication (e.g., the app 116 of FIG. 1) for download to the mobiledevice 106. For example, the mobile device 106 may download the app 116from the app publisher 110 and/or directly from the merchant databaseproprietor 146.

When the app 116 is installed on the mobile device 106, the example usermay login to an account with the merchant database proprietor 146 and/ormay register to create an account with the merchant database proprietor146. In either case, the example app 116 transmits merchant accountinformation 148 (e.g., a login name or other account identifier, apassword, etc.) to the merchant database proprietor 146, whichidentifies the user or account to the merchant database proprietor 146.

In addition to the merchant account information 148, the example app 116accesses the device/user identifier 124 in the mobile device 106. Theapp 116 of the illustrated example transmits the device/user identifier124 to the merchant database proprietor 146.

Upon receipt of the merchant account information 148 and the device/useridentifier 124 and authentication of the corresponding user account, theexample merchant database proprietor 146 associates the user accountwith the device/user identifier 124. As a result, the example merchantdatabase proprietor 146 can generate transaction information 150 for theuser account, including transactions performed using the user accountwith the device/user identifier 124.

In some cases, a user account is accessed via multiple devices (e.g., asmartphone and a tablet computer that are both owned by the owner of theuser account). The example merchant database proprietor 146 mayassociate multiple device/user identifiers 124 with the user accountsuch that media impressions occurring on any of the devicescorresponding to the device/user identifiers 124 may be correlated totransactions occurring using the user account. The transactions may beindependent of the device on which they were performed by the user. Thatis, in the illustrated example, transactions are associated with theuser account.

As mentioned above, the example AME 108 receives the impression data 130and the device/user identifier 124 from the example mobile device 106.The example AME 108 of FIG. 1 associates transaction information 150with impression information by matching impressions to transactionsusing the device/user identifier 124. For example, the AME 108 of FIG. 1receives, from the merchant database proprietor 146, transactioninformation associated with a user account associated with a device/useridentifier 124 of the mobile device 106. The example AME 108 alsoreceives the impression data 130 (or impression information) includingan indication of the same device/user identifier 124. The example AME108 of FIG. 1 correlates the transaction information to the impressionsby matching the device/user identifier 124 in a transaction request 152(described below) to the device/user identifier 124 that corresponds toa user account used to perform the transactions.

To obtain the transaction information, the example AME 108 transmits atransaction request 152 to the example merchant database proprietor 146.The example transaction request 152 includes a device/user identifier124. The AME 108 transmits the device/user identifier 124 that isreceived in the impression data 130 to, for example, obtain transactioninformation to potentially be correlated to a media impression.

The example merchant database proprietor 146 receives the transactionrequest 152 including the device/user identifier 124. The merchantdatabase proprietor 146 looks up a user account that was previouslyassociated with the device/user identifier 124 (e.g., in a database). Ifthe merchant database proprietor 146 locates a user account associatedwith the device/user identifier 124, the example merchant databaseproprietor 146 generates the transaction information 150 (e.g., based ontransaction data stored in a database of the merchant databaseproprietor 146).

In the illustrated example, the merchant database proprietor 146transmits the transaction information 150 to the example AME 108. Insome examples, the merchant database proprietor 146 includes thedevice/user identifier 124 in its response to the AME 108 to enable theAME 108 to determine the device/user identifier 124 and/or the request152 for which the transaction information 150 is being provided. Theexample AME 108 of the illustrated example matches the transactioninformation 150 received from the merchant database proprietor 146 tothe impression data 130.

To match the impressions in the impression data 130 to the transactionsin the transaction information 150, the example AME 108 of FIG. 1determines the product(s) represented in the impression data 130.Examples of product(s) represented in media include products representedin advertisements for those products (e.g., a Coca-Cola® soft drinkrepresented in an advertisement for Coca-Cola) and/orintentionally-placed product(s) in non-advertisement media such astelevision episodes, movies, and/or other content-oriented media (e.g.,a Rolex® watch worn by an actor in a television show, a particular carbrand used in a movie, etc.). For example, the AME 108 may access adatabase that specifies the products represented in each item of media118. Similarly, the example transaction information 150 of FIG. 1provided by the merchant database proprietor 146 includes anidentification of the product(s) purchased in the transactions made bythe user account associated with the device/user identifier 124.

The example AME 108 compares the product(s) represented in theimpression data 130 to the product(s) in the transaction information 150to determine whether there are any matching product(s). If the AME 108identifies a product represented in an impression that matches a productinvolved in a purchase transaction, the example AME 108 determineswhether the purchase transaction occurred after the impression. Forexample, the impression data 130 includes time and date informationindicating the time and date of the impression on the mobile device 106.Similarly, the transaction information 150 includes time and dateinformation indicating the time and date of the transaction(s)represented in the transaction information 150. The AME 108 compares thetime and date information for the media impression to the time and dateinformation for the transaction to determine which of the mediaimpression or the transaction occurred first.

When the AME 108 determines that the media impression occurred beforethe transaction (e.g., the time and date of the media impressionoccurred before the time and date of the transaction), the example AME108 correlates the media impression to the purchase of the product(s)represented in the impression. The example AME 108 determines whethersuch a correlation occurred for the product(s) for multiple mobiledevices 106 and/or user accounts. For example, the AME 108 determines apercentage of a set of mobile devices 106 and/or user accounts for whichthe media impression of a product occurred before the purchasetransaction of that product. In some examples, the AME 108 determinespercentages of sets of mobile device 106 for different publishers and/ordifferent media to evaluate the effectiveness of publishers and/or mediafor influencing purchasing behavior of the product.

In some examples, the merchant database proprietor 146 providestransaction information 150 to the AME 108 for all transactionsperformed using a user account associated with the device/useridentifier 124, for all transactions performed within a specified timeperiod using the user account associated with the device/user identifier124, and/or for specified type(s) of transaction(s) performed using auser account associated with the device/user identifier 124. In someother examples, the AME 108 determines the product(s) represented in themedia impressions occurring at the mobile device 106, and transmitsproduct information 154 to the merchant database proprietor 146 in thetransaction request 152. Limiting the transaction request 152 toproduct(s) of interest may enhance the privacy of the users of themerchant database proprietor 146 by restricting the AME 108 toinformation about specific product(s).

In some examples, the AME 108 may transmit the product information 154in the request 152 without transmitting the device/user identifier 124.In such examples, the merchant database proprietor 146 looks up theproduct information 154 to determine which user accounts have purchasedthe product identified in the product information 154. The examplemerchant database proprietor 146 may then return a list of device/useridentifiers 124 that correspond to user accounts that have purchased theproduct identified in the product information 154. In some examples, thetransactions returned in response to a transaction request 152 arelimited to transactions occurring within a particular time period, suchas a period of time designated in the request 152, a period of timedetermined based on the request 152, a predetermined time period, and/ora standard time period.

When the example merchant database proprietor 146 receives a transactionrequest 152 including the product information 154, the example merchantdatabase proprietor 146 determines whether the product(s) specified inthe product information 154 have been purchased in any transactionsperformed using the user account associated with the device/useridentifier 124 specified in the transaction request 152. If theproduct(s) specified in the product information 154 have been purchased,the example merchant database proprietor 146 returns the transactioninformation 150 for the transactions in which the specified product(s)were purchased. For any product(s) not purchased using the user account,the example merchant database proprietor 146 does not respond orresponds with an indication that those product(s) were not purchasedusing the user account. By requiring the AME 108 to specify the productinformation 154, the example AME 108 does not receive transactioninformation that is not relevant to media impressions occurring on themobile device 106.

The example AME 108 of FIG. 1 aggregates transaction information andmedia impressions to measure effectiveness of the media corresponding tothe media impressions. As explained in more detail below, the exampleAME 108 measures the effectiveness of an item of media by using thetransaction information (collected as described above) to measure achange in purchases of a product represented in the item of media from atime period prior to the media impressions to a time period subsequentto the media impressions. In some examples, the AME 108 creates ameasurement group that is determined to have been exposed to the item ofmedia and compares the change to a purchase change in a control group.The control group is determined by the AME 108 to not have been exposedto the item of media, according to the impression information.

Examples that may be used to implement the system of FIG. 1 aredisclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/127,414, filed on Aug.28, 2013, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/261,085, filed on Apr. 24,2014, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/952,726, filed onMar. 13, 2014, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/979,391,filed on Apr. 14, 2014, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/986,784, filed on Apr. 30, 2014, U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 61/991,286, filed on May 9, 2014, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/014,659, filed Jun. 19, 2014. The entireties ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/127,414, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/261,085, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/952,726, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/979,391,U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/986,784, U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/991,286, and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/014,659 are incorporated by referenceherein.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example impression-transaction analyzer 200 whichmay be implemented in the example audience measurement server 132 ofFIG. 1 to match impression information associated with a mobile device(e.g., the mobile device 106 of FIG. 1) to transaction informationcorresponding to a purchase made using a user account accessed by themobile device 106. The example impression-transaction analyzer 200 ofFIG. 2 includes an example product checker 202, an example productdatabase 204, an example transaction requester 206, an exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208, an example group identifier 210, anexample transaction aggregator 212, and an example effectivenesscalculator 214.

The example product checker 202 of FIG. 2 identifies products associatedwith media impressions. For example, the product checker 202 of theillustrated example receives impression data from mobile devices (e.g.,the impression data 130 from the mobile device 106 of FIG. 1). In thisexample, the impression data 130 includes a media identifier 122 formedia 118 corresponding to an impression occurring at the mobile device106. The example product checker 202 queries the product database 204,which stores indications of products represented in the media 118 thatcorresponds to the media identifier 122. The product checker 202 of theillustrated example looks up a product corresponding to the media 118 inthe product database 204 using the media identifier 122 as a key. Inresponse to the query, the example product database 204 returns aproduct identifier of a product (e.g., the product information 154 ofFIG. 1) to the example product checker 202. Over time, the exampleproduct database 204 may be updated with new associations of media toproducts. In the illustrated example product database 204, a media itemmay be associated with multiple products and/or a product may berepresented by multiple media items.

In addition to the media identifier 122, the example impression data 130also includes the device/user identifier 124. In the illustratedexample, the example product checker 202 provides the device/useridentifier 124 and the product information 154 corresponding to thetransaction request 152 to the transaction requester 206.

The example transaction requester 206 of FIG. 2 generates and sends atransaction request 152 to one or more merchant database proprietors(e.g., the merchant database proprietor 146 of FIG. 1). In the exampleof FIG. 2, the transaction request 152 includes the device/useridentifier 124 and the product information 154. The example transactionrequester 206 sends the transaction request 152 to the merchant databaseproprietor 146 to obtain transaction information from the merchantdatabase proprietor 146.

If the merchant database proprietor 146 has transaction information 150corresponding to the device/user identifier 124, the example merchantdatabase proprietor 146 sends the transaction information 150 to theimpression-transaction analyzer 200. In some examples, the merchantdatabase proprietor 146 limits the transaction information 150 that isreturned to transactions that correspond to both the device/useridentifier 124 and the product information 154. In other examples, thereturned information is not so limited and/or the product information154 is not provided to the merchant database proprietor 146.

The example transaction requester 206 of FIG. 2 receives the transactioninformation 150 from the merchant database proprietor 146 (e.g., inresponse to the transaction request 152) and provides the transactioninformation 150 and the impression data 130 to theimpression/transaction matcher 208. The example impression/transactionmatcher 208 of FIG. 2 matches impressions occurring at the mobile device106 (e.g., from the impression data 130) to transactions of purchasesperformed using a user account associated with the mobile device 106(e.g., from the transaction information 150). By matching theimpressions to the transactions, the example impression/transactionmatcher 208 may determine instances in which an impression correspondingto a product occurred prior to a transaction in which the product waspurchased, where both the impression and the transaction correspond to asame device/user identifier 124. This information can be used to creditthe impression with driving the transaction.

To match an impression to a transaction, the exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208 compares A) combinations of adevice/user identifier 124 and product information 154 that are obtainedfrom the impression data 130 to B) combinations of a device/useridentifier 124 and product information 154 that correspond totransaction information 150 obtained from the merchant databaseproprietor 146. Combinations of the device/user identifier 124 and theproduct information 154 that are found in both the impression data 130and in the transaction information 150 are considered to match.

As an example, Table 1 below includes a set of example combinations ofdevice/user identifiers 124 (e.g., Device/User ID) and productinformation 154 (e.g., Product ID) obtained from impression data 130(e.g., Impression ID) (e.g., by the example product checker 202)collected at a mobile device 106.

TABLE 1 EXAMPLE COMBINATIONS OF DEVICE/USER IDENTIFIERS AND PRODUCTIDENTIFIERS FROM IMPRESSION DATA Impression ID Device/User ID Product IDImp. Time/Date 11 HOI35JGETR R9ANT20EJY 2014-07-08:09:15:00 12HOI35JGETR 7ZFF46F77Z 2014-07-08:13:05:00 13 B8PE8JH26N NB2EYZ4YOG2014-07-08:16:10:00

Table 2 below includes a set of example combinations of device/useridentifiers 124 (e.g., Device/User ID) and product information 154(e.g., Product ID) corresponding to transaction information 150 (e.g.,Transaction ID) received by the transaction requester 206 from amerchant database proprietor 146. The combinations in Table 2 may bereturned in the transaction information 150 from a merchant databaseproprietor 146 and/or may be associated with the transaction information150 by the transaction requester 206 when the transaction information150 is identified as occurring in response to a transaction request 152.

TABLE 2 EXAMPLE COMBINATIONS OF DEVICE/USER IDENTIFIERS AND PRODUCTIDENTIFIERS FROM TRANSACTION DATA Transaction ID Device/User ID ProductID Trans. Time/Date 21 HOI35JGETR R9ANT20EJY 2014-07-09:19:12:00 22HOI35JGETR I9DBW9RC8R 2014-07-09:19:12:00 23 OBU2434KTL R9ANT20EJY2014-07-08:11:49:00 24 B8PE8JH26N NB2EYZ4YOG 2014-07-07:04:42:00

By comparing the combinations in Table 1 above (e.g., records,impressions) to the combinations in Table 2 above (e.g., records,transactions), in this example the example impression/transactionmatcher 208 of FIG. 2 will identify the impression data 130 havingimpression ID 11 as having the same combination of device/useridentifier 124 (e.g., Device/User ID of HOI35JGETR) and productinformation 154 (e.g., Product ID of R9ANT20EJY) as transactioninformation 150 having transaction ID 21. In this example, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 of FIG. 2 also identifies theimpression data 130 having impression ID 13 in Table 1 above as havingthe same combination of device/user identifier 124 (e.g., Device/User IDof B8PE8JH26N) and product information 154 (e.g., Product ID ofNB2EYZ4YOG) as transaction information 150 having transaction ID 24.

While Table 1 above shows that additional impressions data 130associated with the device/user identifier 124 of HOI35JGETR(Device/User ID) was received (e.g., data with an impression ID of 12),there are no corresponding transactions in Table 2 above for thatdevice/user identifier 124 that are also associated with the producthaving a Product ID of 7ZFF46F77Z (i.e., the Product ID associated withimpression ID 12). Therefore, the impression/transaction matcher 208does not identify a match for impression ID 12.

Similarly, Table 2 above shows that the device/user ID HOI35JGETR wasused to perform a transaction for the purchase of a product having aProduct ID of I9DBW9RC8R (see transaction ID 22 in Table 2). However,Table 1 does not indicate that an impression of media representing thatproduct (i.e., I9DBW9RC8R) occurred on a mobile device 106 thatcorresponds to the device/user ID HOI35JGETR. Therefore, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 of this example does not identify amatch for transaction ID 22.

The example Table 1 above also includes information indicating the timesand dates at which the impressions occurred (Imp. Time/Date). Theexample Table 2 above also includes information indicating the times anddates at which the transactions occurred. When the exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208 of FIG. 2 identifies a transaction(e.g., from Table 2 above) that has a device/user identifier 124 andproduct information 154 combination that matches the device/useridentifier 124 and product information 154 combination of an impression(e.g., from Table 1 above), the impression/transaction matcher 208 ofthe illustrated example determines whether the impression occurred priorto the transaction based on the respective times and dates of thematching impression ID and transaction ID. In the example of FIG. 2, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 determines that the matchingimpression and transaction are related (e.g., that the impression mayhave resulted in the transaction) when the impression occurred prior tothe transaction (according to the respective times and dates).

In the example of Tables 1 and 2 above, the impression/transactionmatcher 208 would determine that the impression having impression ID 11is related to the matching transaction having transaction ID 21 becausethe impression has a time and date (Jul. 8, 2014, at 09:15:00) thatoccurred before the time and date of the transaction (Jul. 9, 2014, at19:12:00). For example, where the media associated with the impressionhaving impression ID 11 is an advertisement for a product, and thetransaction corresponding to transaction ID 21 is a subsequent purchaseof that product using a user account associated with the device on whichthe impression occurred, it is possible or even likely that theimpression had an influence on the purchase of the product. Therefore,in view of the time sequence of this example (i.e., the impressionoccurring before the transaction), the impression is credited withdriving the transaction.

Conversely, in the example of Tables 1 and 2 above, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 would determine that the impressionhaving impression ID 13 is not related to the matching transactionhaving transaction ID 24 because the impression has a time and date(Jul. 8, 2014, at 16:10:00) that occurred after the time and date of thetransaction (Jul. 7, 2014, at 04:42:00). For example, where a personpurchases a product and then is subsequently exposed to an advertisementfor the product, that particular exposure of the person to theadvertisement would not be considered to have influenced the priorpurchase of that product and, thus, is not credited with driving atransaction.

The example group identifier 210 of FIG. 2 assigns device/useridentifiers 124 to groups based on whether the device/user identifier124 is associated with an impression of media of interest (e.g., mediacorresponding to a product of interest). For example, the groupidentifier 210 of FIG. 2 assigns device/user identifiers 124 thatcorrespond to impressions of the media to an “exposed” group, andassigns device/user identifiers 124 that do not correspond to the mediaof interest to a “control” group. In some examples, the group identifier210 further sub-divides the control group and/or the exposed group basedon other factors such as time periods during which the impressions ofthe media of interest occurred for the exposed group.

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 of FIG. 2 provides thegroup identifier 210 of FIG. 2 with the impression information (e.g.,the impression information of Table 1). The example group identifier 210determines, for each device/user identifier 124 represented in theimpressions, whether the device/user identifier 124 has been exposed tomedia representing a product of interest. For example, the groupidentifier 210 is provided with product information 154 for a product ofinterest, such as a product for which a media campaign is to beevaluated for effectiveness.

In some examples, the group identifier 210 is provided with a mediaidentifier 122 instead of product information 154. A media identifier122 may be used when, for example, a measurement of the effectiveness ofa particular item of media is desired when there are multiple items ofmedia representing a product. In such examples, the group identifier 210may obtain impression data 130 from the product checker 202. Using theimpression data 130, the group identifier 210 determines the device/useridentifiers 124 corresponding to impressions of the media 118 having themedia identifier 122.

The example group identifier 210 of FIG. 2 sorts the device/useridentifiers 124 (e.g., device/user IDs of Tables 1 and/or 2 above) intotwo groups. The first group is an “exposed group,” which includes thedevice/identifiers 124 corresponding to impressions of mediarepresenting the product of interest. For example, the group identifier210 may populate a table or other data structure corresponding to theexposed group with device/user identifiers 124 that are present incombination with the product ID of interest in an impressions table(e.g., Table 1 above). The second group is a “control group,” whichincludes the device/identifiers 124 for which impressions of mediarepresenting the product of interest did not occur. Using the exampleTable 1 above, if the group identifier 210 receives the Product IDR9ANT20EJY as the product of interest, the example group identifier 210would place the device/user identifier 124 (device/user ID) ofHOI35JGETR in the exposed group because the device/user identifier 124of HOI35JGETR reported an impression of media corresponding to ProductID R9ANT20EJY. In this example, the group identifier 210 would place thedevice/user identifier 124 (device/user ID) of B8PE8JH26N in a table orother data structure corresponding to the control group because thedevice/user identifier 124 of B8PE8JH26N did not report an impression ofmedia corresponding to Product ID R9ANT20EJY. Therefore, in thisexample, the exposed group would have a count of one device/useridentifier 124 and the control group would have a count of onedevice/user identifier 124.

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 of FIG. 2 provides thetransactions (e.g., the transactions of Table 2 above) to thetransaction aggregator 212. Additionally, the example group identifier210 provides the list of device/user identifiers 124 that belong to eachof the groups (e.g., the control group and the exposed group) to thetransaction aggregator 212. For example, the group identifier 210 mayprovide a first list of device/user identifiers 124 that have beendetermined to be in the control group and a second list of device/useridentifiers 124 that have been determined to be in the exposed group.These lists correspond to the data structure for the exposed group andthe control group mentioned above.

The example transaction aggregator 212 of FIG. 2 determines up to fourseparate sets of purchases or transactions based on the transactionsobtained from the impression/transaction matcher 208 and based on thegroups identified by the group identifier 210. In the illustratedexample, the transaction aggregator 212 determines 1) the number of theproducts purchased by user accounts corresponding to device/useridentifiers 124 in the control group during a first time period; 2) thenumber of the products purchased by user accounts corresponding todevice/user identifiers 124 in the control group during a second timeperiod occurring after the first time period; 3) the number of theproducts purchased by user accounts corresponding to device/useridentifiers 124 in the exposed group during the first time period; and4) the number of the products purchased by user accounts correspondingto device/user identifiers 124 in the exposed group during the secondtime period.

In the illustrated example, the first time period is a time period priorto (e.g., ending at) the commencement of a media campaign includingmedia (e.g., the media of interest) representing the products ofinterest. Thus, the purchases of the products by the control group andthe exposed group may provide a basis for calculating purchase growthattributable to the media. In particular, differences in purchases orpurchase rate by the exposed group as compared to the purchases orpurchase rate of the control group provides a measure of theeffectiveness of the media in driving and/or slowing sales.

In the illustrated example, the second time period is a time periodsubsequent to (e.g., starting at the end of or consecutive to) the firstperiod. For example, the second time period may begin at the end of thefirst time period, the end of a time period during which a mediacampaign runs, and/or at any other event.

To determine the number of the products purchased via user accountscorresponding to device/user identifiers 124 in the control group duringa first time period (e.g., the first example set of purchases determinedby the transaction aggregator 212), the example transaction aggregator212 identifies transactions (e.g., transactions from Table 2 above) thathave a time and date within the first period and have a device/useridentifier 124 assigned to the control group by the group identifier210. The control group will not have a matching impression (e.g., inTable 1). In other words, to determine the number of the productspurchased via user accounts corresponding to device/user identifiers 124in the control group during the first time period, the exampletransaction aggregator 212 determines a number of transactions performedusing devices corresponding to the control group prior to, for example,the beginning of a media campaign (e.g., a coordinated set ofimpressions of one or more media items, including audio, video, and/orstill media) for the product of interest.

To determine the number of the products purchased via user accountscorresponding to device/user identifiers 124 in the control group duringa second time period (e.g., the second example set of purchasesdetermined by the transaction aggregator 212), the example transactionaggregator 212 identifies transactions (e.g., transactions from Table 2above) that: 1) have a time and date within the second period and have adevice/user identifier 124 assigned to the control group by the groupidentifier 210. The control group will not have a matching impression(e.g., in Table 1). In other words, to determine the number of theproducts purchased via user accounts corresponding to device/useridentifiers 124 assigned to the control group during the second timeperiod, the example transaction aggregator 212 determines a number oftransactions performed using devices corresponding to the control groupafter the beginning of the media campaign (e.g., during and/or after themedia campaign) for the product of interest.

To determine the number of the products purchased via user accountscorresponding to device/user identifiers 124 in the exposed group duringthe first time period (e.g., the third example set of purchasesdetermined by the transaction aggregator 212), the example transactionaggregator 212 identifies transactions (e.g., transactions from Table 2above) that have a time and date within the first period and have adevice/user identifier 124 assigned to the exposed group by the groupidentifier 210. In other words, to determine the number of the productspurchased via user accounts corresponding to device/user identifiers 124assigned to the exposed group during the first time period, the exampletransaction aggregator 212 determines a number of transactions performedusing devices corresponding to the exposed group prior to the beginningof the media campaign for the product of interest.

To determine the number of the products purchased via user accountscorresponding to device/user identifiers 124 in the exposed group duringthe second time period (e.g., the fourth example set of purchasesdetermined by the transaction aggregator 212), the example transactionaggregator 212 identifies transactions (e.g., transactions from Table 2above) that: 1) have a time and date within the second period and have adevice/user identifier 124 assigned to the exposed group, and 2) have arelated matching impression (e.g., an impression in Table 1 above thathas a same device/user ID and a same Product ID as the transaction, andwhere the impression has a time and date that is prior to the time anddate of the transaction). In other words, to determine the number of theproducts purchased via user accounts corresponding to device/useridentifiers 124 in the exposed group during the second time period, theexample transaction aggregator 212 determines a number of transactionsperformed using devices corresponding to the exposed group after thebeginning of the media campaign for the product of interest.

The example effectiveness calculator 214 of FIG. 2 calculates theeffectiveness of the media and/or the effectiveness of the publishers(e.g., the delivery methods for the media). For example, theeffectiveness calculator 214 calculates the effectiveness of the mediaand/or the publishers based on the sales of the product represented inthe media that occurred in the aggregated transactions. The exampleeffectiveness calculator 214 calculates the sales using the sets ofpurchases determined by the transaction aggregator 212 for the controland exposed groups during the first and second time periods.

In some examples, the effectiveness calculator 214 calculates apublisher effectiveness (e.g., for an app publisher 110, for a mediapublisher 120, etc.) by, for example, dividing the sales lift in anexposed group for a first publisher by the sales lift in an exposedgroup for a second publisher. The exposed group for the first publisheris the fourth example group calculated by the transaction aggregator 212as described above (e.g., the number of the products purchased via useraccounts corresponding to device/user identifiers 124 in the exposedgroup during the second time period) determined using device/useridentifiers 124 associated with impressions delivered via the firstpublisher (e.g., delivered via an app and/or a website associated withthe app publisher 110, delivered in association with media published bythe media publisher 120, etc.). Similarly, the exposed group for thesecond publisher is the fourth example group calculated by thetransaction aggregator 212 as described above (e.g., the number of theproducts purchased via user accounts corresponding to device/useridentifiers 124 in the exposed group during the second time period)determined using device/user identifiers 124 associated with impressionsdelivered via the second publisher (e.g., delivered via an app and/or awebsite associated with the app publisher 110, delivered in associationwith media published by the media publisher 120, etc.).

Additionally or alternatively, the example effectiveness calculator 214calculates the effectiveness of media by, for example, dividing a saleslift from the first time period to the second time period for an exposedgroup by the sales lift from the first time period to the second timeperiod for a control group. The media effectiveness measures, forexample, the effect of the media of interest on driving sales bydetermining the difference in sales rates after the media of interestwas presented relative to sales rates before the media was presented.For example, the effectiveness calculator 214 may determine the mediaeffectiveness metric using the four example sets of purchases determinedby the transaction aggregator 212 as described above to be: ((sales infourth example set of purchases/sales in third example set ofpurchases)/(sales in second example set of purchases/sales in firstexample set of purchases)) or ((sales in fourth example set ofpurchases/sales in third example set of purchases)−(sales in secondexample set of purchases/sales in first example set of purchases)/(salesin second example set of purchases/sales in first example set ofpurchases)).

FIG. 3 illustrates an example table 300 illustrating an exampledetermination of an effectiveness of media impressions. FIG. 4 is agraph 400 illustrating the data in the example table 300 of FIG. 3. Theexample table 300 and/or the example graph 400 may be generated by theexample impression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2 based onimpression data 130 obtained from the mobile device 106, userinformation 102 obtained from the example demographic databaseproprietor 104, and/or transaction information 150 obtained from themerchant database proprietor 146 of FIG. 1.

In the examples of FIGS. 3 and 4, the impression-transaction analyzer200 does not calculate the transactions occurring prior to the mediaimpressions (as in the examples described above with reference to FIG.2). Instead, in this example the media effectiveness is determined bycomparing sales of the product to the control group with sales of theproduct to the exposed group to determine a sales lift. Omitting themeasurement of different time periods increases the privacy of users ofthe merchant database proprietor 146 and decreases computationalresource requirements, but may also fail to control the measurement forexternal events, such as media impressions occurring via other mediapresentation platforms such as television, radio, and/or outdooradvertising.

The example table 300 of FIG. 3 illustrates a comparison of transactionsfor a product corresponding to impressions delivered through twodifferent mobile application publishers (e.g., via two differentapplications that may be installed on a mobile device). For thisexample, assume Publisher A 302 publishes a first application (e.g., theapp 116 of FIG. 1) and Publisher B 304 publishes a second application(e.g., the browser 117 of FIG. 1). The example media publisher 120 ofFIG. 1 may choose to have the media 118 of FIG. 1 delivered to themobile device 106 via either or both of the app 116 and/or the browser117 of FIG. 1.

For each of the publishers 302, 304 of the example table 300 of FIG. 3,the example group identifier 210 of FIG. 2 determines a number of useraccounts (or persons associated with the user accounts) belonging to thecontrol group 306 as described above (e.g., during a time periodfollowing the commencement of media impressions at mobile devices 106via the publishers 302, 304). The group identifier 210 also determines anumber of user accounts belonging to the exposed group 308 as describedabove.

In the example of FIGS. 3 and 4, the group identifier 210 identifies(e.g., based on the impression data 130 from those mobile devices 106)12,200 user accounts in the control group for publisher A 302 (e.g.,associated with mobile devices 106 using the app 116 from the publisherA 302 that have not had an impression of the media). Similarly, thegroup identifier 210 identifies (e.g., based on the impression data 130from those mobile devices 106) 17,500 user accounts in the control groupfor publisher B 304 (e.g., associated with mobile devices 106 using thebrowser 117 from the publisher B 304 that have not had an impression ofthe media).

Continuing the example, the group identifier 210 identifies (e.g., basedon the impression data 130 from those mobile devices 106) 35,400 useraccounts in the exposed group for publisher A 302 (e.g., associated withmobile devices 106 using the app 116 from the publisher A 302 that havehad an impression of the media). Similarly, the group identifier 210identifies (e.g., based on the impression data 130 from those mobiledevices 106) 30,100 user accounts in the exposed group for publisher B304 (e.g., associated with mobile devices 106 using the browser 117 fromthe publisher B 304 that have had an impression of the media).

The example transaction aggregator 212 of FIG. 2 determines a number ofcontrol group sales 310 (e.g., transactions involving the product, of aquantity of units of the product, etc.) and a number of exposed groupsales 312 of the respective control groups of the example publishers302, 304. The example control group sales 310 may be the first or thesecond example groups of purchases determined by the transactionaggregator 212 as described above. The example exposed group sales 312may be the third or the fourth example groups of purchases determined bythe transaction aggregator 212 as described above. The transactionaggregator 212 determines a number of transactions for the productcorresponding to the members of each of the groups 306, 308 identifiedby the group identifier 210. In the example of FIGS. 3 and 4, PublisherA 302 is determined to have 4,200 control group sales 310 and 22,100exposed group sales 312 of the example product. Therefore, 34.4% (e.g.,4,200/12,200) of the example control group 306 of the publisher A 302purchased the example product of interest during the measured timeperiod, while 62.4% (e.g., 22,100/35,400) of the exposed group 308 ofthe publisher A 302 purchased the example product during the measuredtime period. Therefore, the media impressions delivered via the app 116(e.g., via Publisher A) resulted in a sales lift 314 of 81.3% (e.g.,(62.4%−34.4%)/34.4%) for the product in the exposed group 308 relativeto the control group 306.

Publisher B 304 is determined to have 5,600 control group sales 310 and10,600 exposed group sales 312 of the example product. Therefore, 32%(e.g., 5,600/17,500) of the example control group 306 of the publisher B304 purchased the example product of interest during the measured timeperiod, while 35.2% (e.g., 10,600/30,100)) of the exposed group 308 ofthe publisher B 304 purchased the example product during the measuredtime period. Therefore, the media impressions delivered via the browser117 (e.g., via Publisher B) resulted in a sales lift 314 of 10.0% (e.g.,(35.2%-32%)/32%) for the product in the exposed group 308 relative tothe control group 306.

By comparing the example sales lifts 314 for the publishers 302, 304 ofFIGS. 3 and 4, a manufacturer of a product associated with the media ofinterest (or, for example, the manufacturer's advertising agent) maydetermine that impressions of the media corresponding to the product aremore effective when occurring through the app 116 (e.g., via Publisher A302) than through the browser 117 (e.g., via Publisher B 304) (or, insome other examples, more effective through a first app than through asecond app). The example manufacturer (and/or its advertising agent) mayrespond to this determination by channeling more of the mediaimpressions to mobile devices 106 via the app 116 (provided by PublisherA 302) and fewer via the browser 117 (provided by Publisher B 304).Additionally or alternatively, the manufacturer (and/or its advertisingagent) replace the browser 117 with another app (e.g., via Publisher C)for delivery of media impressions to mobile devices. For example, thereplacement app (e.g., Publisher C) may be selected to be one that hassubstantially similar or identical lift performance as the app providedby Publisher A 302 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example transaction information provider500 that may be used to implement the example merchant databaseproprietor 146 of FIG. 1. The example transaction information provider500 includes an example user authenticator 502, an exampleaccount-identifier correlator 504, an example transaction engine 506, anexample transaction query generator 508, and an example transactionreporter 510. The example transaction information provider 500 furtherincludes databases including an example user account database 512, anexample product database 514, and an example transaction database 516.

The example user authenticator 502 of FIG. 5 receives user loginrequests (e.g., from the mobile device 106, the app 116 of FIG. 1). Inthe example of FIG. 5, the user login requests include the examplemerchant account information 148 of FIG. 1. The merchant accountinformation 148 may include a unique account identifier (e.g., a username, an account number, etc.) and one or more authenticators (e.g.,passwords, pass codes, authentication keys, etc.). In the illustratedexample, the example user authenticator 502 verifies the merchantaccount information 148 (e.g., the account identifier and/or theauthenticator(s)) in the user account database 512, which stores themerchant account information 148 for authentication purposes.

As mentioned above with reference to FIG. 1, the example user loginrequest that is authenticated by the user authenticator 502 alsoincludes a device/user identifier 124 corresponding to the mobile device106 (e.g., the device/user identifier 124 of FIG. 1). In the example ofFIG. 5, the device/user identifier 124 is an identifier (e.g., an IMEInumber, an IDFA number, etc.) that is not set by either of the merchantdatabase proprietor 146 of FIG. 1 or the transaction informationprovider 500 of FIG. 5. Because the device/user identifier 124 is notset by the transaction information provider 500, the transactioninformation provider 500 is required to obtain the device/useridentifier 124 from the mobile device 106.

The example account-identifier correlator 504 of FIG. 5 matches themerchant account information 148 to the device/user identifier 124included in the request. For example, the account-identifier correlator504 stores the device/user identifier 124 in the user account database512 in association with the merchant account information 148 so that thedevice/user identifier 124 is associated with the user account at themerchant. Because a user may log in to the merchant database proprietor146 from multiple devices, the example account-identifier correlator 504may correlate multiple device/user identifiers 504 to the same merchantaccount information 148 (e.g., to a same user account).

The example transaction engine 506 enables users to conducttransactions, such as purchasing products from the merchant databaseproprietor 146 (e.g., an organization such as a commercial merchant).When a user (e.g., a user having a user account with the merchantdatabase proprietor 146) purchases a product via the transaction engine506, the example transaction engine 506 accesses the product database514 to determine product identifier(s) of the product(s) and/orservice(s) purchased in the transaction. The example transaction engine506 stores transaction information (e.g., the transaction information150 of FIG. 1) in the transaction database 516. The stored transactioninformation may include, for example, the product identifiers involvedin the transaction, the time and/or date of the transaction, and theuser account associated with the transaction. As discussed below, thedevice/user identifiers 124 from the mobile device 106 may then bematched to the transactions in the transaction database 516 based on themapping of user accounts to the device/user identifier 124 in the useraccount database 512.

The example product database 514 may store the same information as theproduct database 204 of FIG. 2. In some examples, the product database204 of FIG. 2 includes a subset of the product identifiers included inthe product database 514 of FIG. 5 (e.g., when the product database 204of FIG. 2 includes product identifiers only for products of interest tothe audience measurement entity 108). In some other examples, theproduct database 514 of FIG. 5 includes a subset of the productidentifiers included in the product database 204 of FIG. 2 (e.g., whenthere are multiple merchant database proprietors 146 having differentproducts for purchase).

The example transaction query generator 508 of FIG. 5 receives requestsfor transaction information (e.g., from the audience measurement entity108 of FIG. 1). For example, the transaction query generator 508 mayreceive a request 152 for transactions that have been performed using anaccount corresponding to the device/user identifier 124 and that includeproduct information 154.

Upon receipt of such a request 152, the example transaction querygenerator 508 queries the user account database 512 to determine a useraccount (e.g., an account identifier, a user name, etc.) thatcorresponds to the device/user identifier 124 in the request 152. Theexample user account database 512 determines the user account thatmatches the device/user identifier 124 (e.g., the account previouslycorrelated to the device/user identifier 124 by the account-identifiercorrelator 504). The user account database 512 returns the accountidentifier to the example transaction query generator 508.

Using the account identifier, the example transaction query generator508 queries the product database 514 using the product information 154in the request 152 to determine a product identifier used by thetransaction information provider 500 to identify the product (e.g., aninternal reference number for the product that is used within thetransaction information provider 500, a universal product code (UPC), aninternational article number (EAN), a global trade item number (GTIN), abar code, etc.). For example, a UPC code uniquely identifies a tradeitem and/or a variant or specific configuration of a trade item, and maybe used by the transaction information provider 500. The exampletransaction query generator 508 then queries the transaction database516 using the account identifier (e.g., obtained by querying the useraccount database 512) and the product identifier (e.g., obtained byquerying the product database 514) to identify transactions involvingthe product that were conducted using the specified account.

The transaction database 516 returns information describing theidentified transactions, including the account identifier, the deviceidentifiers, and the date and time of the transaction. The exampletransaction query generator 508 provides the transaction informationreturned from the transaction database to the transaction reporter 510.The example transaction reporter 510 of FIG. 5 returns transactioninformation 150 to the AME 108 of FIG. 1 (e.g., in response to acorresponding transaction request 152). In the example of FIG. 5, thetransaction reporter 510 converts the information received from thetransaction database 516 to information usable by the AME 108. Forexample, the transaction reporter 510 may convert an account identifierassociated with a transaction in the transaction database 516 to adevice/user identifier 124 recognizable by the AME 108 (e.g., to thedevice/user identifier 124 included in the transaction request 152 andobtained from the transaction query generator 508). Additionally oralternatively, the transaction reporter 510 may convert a productidentifier (e.g., a UPC code, a service code, etc.) used by thetransaction information provider 500 to corresponding productinformation 154 (e.g., the product information included in thetransaction request 152 and obtained from the transaction querygenerator 508).

The example transaction reporter 510 of FIG. 5 sends the transactioninformation 150 to the example AME 108. The AME 108 receives thetransaction information 150 and determines the effectiveness of mediaimpressions as described above.

While example manners of implementing the example impression-transactionanalyzer 200 and the transaction information provider have beenillustrated in FIGS. 2 and 5, one or more of the elements, processesand/or devices illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 5 may be combined, divided,re-arranged, omitted, eliminated and/or implemented in any other way.Further, the example product checker 202, the example product database204, the example transaction requester 206, the exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208, the example group identifier 210,the example transaction aggregator 212, the example effectivenesscalculator 214, the example user authenticator 502, the exampleaccount-identifier correlator 504, the example transaction engine 506,the example transaction query generator 508, the example transactionreporter 510, the example user account database 512, the example productdatabase 514, the example transaction database 516 and/or, moregenerally, the example impression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2,and/or the example transaction information provider 500 of FIG. 5 may beimplemented using hardware, software, firmware and/or any combination ofhardware, software and/or firmware. Thus, for example, any of theexample product checker 202, the example product database 204, theexample transaction requester 206, the example impression/transactionmatcher 208, the example group identifier 210, the example transactionaggregator 212, the example effectiveness calculator 214, the exampleuser authenticator 502, the example account-identifier correlator 504,the example transaction engine 506, the example transaction querygenerator 508, the example transaction reporter 510, the example useraccount database 512, the example product database 514, the exampletransaction database and/or, more generally, the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer 200, and/or the example transactioninformation provider 500 could be implemented using one or more analogor digital circuit(s), logical circuit(s), programmable processor(s),application specific integrated circuit(s) (ASIC(s)), programmable logicdevice(s) (PLD(s)) and/or field programmable logic device(s) (FPLD(s)),etc. When reading any of the apparatus or system claims of this patentto cover a purely software and/or firmware implementation, at least oneof the example product checker 202, the example product database 204,the example transaction requester 206, the exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208, the example group identifier 210,the example transaction aggregator 212, the example effectivenesscalculator 214, the example user authenticator 502, the exampleaccount-identifier correlator 504, the example transaction engine 506,the example transaction query generator 508, the example transactionreporter 510, the example user account database 512, the example productdatabase 514, and/or the example transaction database 516 is/are herebyexpressly defined to include a tangible computer readable storage deviceor storage disk such as a memory, a digital versatile disk (DVD), acompact disk (CD), a Blu-ray disk, etc. storing the software and/orfirmware. Further still, the example the example impression-transactionanalyzer 200 of FIG. 2 and/or the example transaction informationprovider 500 of FIG. 5 may include one or more elements, processesand/or devices in addition to, or instead of, those illustrated in FIGS.2 and/or 5, and/or may include more than one of any or all of theillustrated elements, processes and devices.

Flowcharts representative of example machine readable instructions forimplementing the example audience measurement entity 108, the audiencemeasurement server 132, and/or the example merchant database proprietor146 of FIG. 1, the example impression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG.2, and/or the example transaction information provider 500 of FIG. 5 areshown in FIGS. 6-11. In these examples, the machine readableinstructions comprise one or more programs for execution by a processorsuch as the processor 1212 shown in the example processor platform 1200discussed below in connection with FIG. 12. The program(s) may beembodied in software stored on a tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a CD-ROM, a floppy disk, a hard drive, a digitalversatile disk (DVD), a Blu-ray disk, or a memory associated with theprocessor 1212, but the entire program(s) and/or parts thereof couldalternatively be executed by a device other than the processor 1212and/or embodied in firmware or dedicated hardware. Further, although theexample one or more programs are described with reference to theflowcharts illustrated in FIGS. 6-11, many other methods of implementingthe example impression data compensator 200 may alternatively be used.For example, the order of execution of the blocks may be changed, and/orsome of the blocks described may be changed, eliminated, or combined.

As mentioned above, the example processes of FIGS. 6-11 may beimplemented using coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machinereadable instructions) stored on a tangible computer readable storagemedium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-only memory(ROM), a compact disk (CD), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a cache, arandom-access memory (RAM) and/or any other storage device or storagedisk in which information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extendedtime periods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarilybuffering, and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, theterm tangible computer readable storage medium is expressly defined toinclude any type of computer readable storage device and/or storage diskand to exclude propagating signals and transmission media. As usedherein, “tangible computer readable storage medium” and “tangiblemachine readable storage medium” are used interchangeably. Additionallyor alternatively, the example processes of FIGS. 6-11 may be implementedusing coded instructions (e.g., computer and/or machine readableinstructions) stored on a non-transitory computer and/or machinereadable medium such as a hard disk drive, a flash memory, a read-onlymemory, a compact disk, a digital versatile disk, a cache, arandom-access memory and/or any other storage device or storage disk inwhich information is stored for any duration (e.g., for extended timeperiods, permanently, for brief instances, for temporarily buffering,and/or for caching of the information). As used herein, the termnon-transitory computer readable medium is expressly defined to includeany type of computer readable storage device and/or storage disk and toexclude propagating signals and transmission media. As used herein, whenthe phrase “at least” is used as the transition term in a preamble of aclaim, it is open-ended in the same manner as the term “comprising” isopen ended.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions 600 which may be executed to implement the example audiencemeasurement server 132 of FIG. 1 and/or the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2 to associate mediaimpressions to transaction information. The example instructions 600 ofFIG. 6 will be described with reference to the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2.

The example product checker 202 of FIG. 2 receives media impressioninformation from mobile devices (e.g., the mobile device 106 of FIG. 1)(block 602). In the illustrated example, the received media impressioninformation includes a device/user identifier such as the device/useridentifier 124 of FIG. 1. Example types of the device/user identifier124 received in the media impression information include hardwareidentifiers (e.g., an international mobile equipment identity (IMEI), amobile equipment identifier (MEID), a media access control (MAC)address, etc.), an app store identifier (e.g., a Google Android ID, anApple ID, an Amazon ID, etc.), an open source unique device identifier(OpenUDID), an open device identification number (ODIN), a loginidentifier (e.g., a username), an email address, user agent data (e.g.,application type, operating system, software vendor, software revision,etc.), third-party service identifiers (e.g., an “Identifier forAdvertising” (IDFA), advertising service identifiers, device usageanalytics service identifiers, demographics collection serviceidentifiers), web storage data, document object model (DOM) storagedata, local shared objects (also referred to as “Flash cookies”), etc.

The example product checker 202 determines product informationassociated with the media impression information (block 604). Forexample, the product checker 202 may access (e.g., query) the productdatabase 204 of FIG. 2 to determine an identifier of a product that isrepresented in a media impression at the mobile device 106 and whichresulted in receiving the media impression information in block 602.

The example transaction requester 206 requests transaction informationfrom a merchant database proprietor (e.g., the merchant databaseproprietor 146 of FIG. 1) based on the device/user identifier 124 (e.g.,determined in block 602) and/or based on the product information (e.g.,determined in block 604) (block 606). For example, the transactionrequester 206 may generate a transaction request 152 of FIG. 1 includingthe device/user identifier 124 and/or the product information 154, andsend the transaction request 152 to the merchant database proprietor146.

The example transaction requester 206 receives transaction information150 from the merchant database proprietor 146 (block 608). Thetransaction information 150 may include, for example, a uniquetransaction identifier, a device/user identifier 124, a productidentifier, and/or a time/date at which the transaction occurred.Example transaction information 150 is shown in Table 2 above. If atransaction performed at the merchant database proprietor 146 involvedmultiple products, the example transaction requester 206 may receivemultiple records, each representing one product involved in thetransaction.

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 associates transactionsinvolving a product with media impressions corresponding to the product(block 610). For example, the impression/transaction matcher 208 maymatch impression information (e.g., impression records such as thoseillustrated in Table 1 above) to transaction information (e.g.,transaction records such as those illustrated in Table 2 above) bydetermining that a media impression corresponds to a same device/useridentifier 124 as a transaction and that the media impression representsa product involved in the transaction. In some examples, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 matches media impressions totransactions. For example, the impression/transaction matcher 208 maydetermine that an impression occurred prior to a transaction based onrespective times/dates of the impression and the transaction. Exampleinstructions that may be used to implement block 610 are described belowwith reference to FIG. 7.

When the appropriate media impressions and transactions have beenassociated (block 610), the example effectiveness calculator 214 of FIG.2 determines a media effectiveness and/or a publisher effectiveness(block 612). For example, the effectiveness calculator 214 may determinewhether media impressions delivered via a first publisher (e.g., the apppublisher 110, the media publisher 120) result in a higher sales lift(e.g., a larger sales increase). Additionally or alternatively, theexample effectiveness calculator 214 may determine a media effectivenessof the media corresponding to the impressions by calculating a saleslift from a first time period prior to beginning a media campaign to asecond time period subsequent to beginning the media campaign todetermine an effect of the media on sales of the represented product.The example instructions 600 of FIG. 6 end.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions 700 which may be executed to implement the example audiencemeasurement server 132 of FIG. 1 and/or the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2 to correlate transactionsinvolving a product to media impressions corresponding to the product.In some examples, the example instructions 700 of FIG. 7 may beperformed to implement block 610 of FIG. 6. The example instructions 700of FIG. 7 will be described with reference to the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2.

The example instructions 700 begin after block 608 of FIG. 6 (e.g.,receiving transaction information). The example impression/transactionmatcher 208 of FIG. 2 selects a media impression from the mediaimpression information (block 702). For example, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 may select a media impression recordfrom the records of Table 1 above. In this example, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 selects the first example record ofTable 1 above (e.g., Impression ID 11).

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 determines a productrepresented by the media corresponding to the selected media impression(block 704). For example, the impression/transaction matcher 208 maydetermine the Product ID, from Table 1 above, that corresponds to theselected impression ID. In this example, the determined Product ID isR9ANT20EJY.

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 of FIG. 2 also determinesa device/user identifier 124 corresponding to the selected mediaimpression (block 706). For example, the impression/transaction matcher208 may determine the Device/User ID, from Table 1 above, thatcorresponds to the selected impression ID. In this example, thedetermined Device/User ID is HOI35JGETR.

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 selects a transactionfrom the transaction information (block 708). For example, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 may select a transaction record fromthe records of Table 2 above. In this example, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 selects the first example record ofTable 2 above (e.g., Transaction ID 21).

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 determines a productpurchased in the transaction corresponding to the selected transaction(block 710). For example, the impression/transaction matcher 208 maydetermine the Product ID, from Table 2 above, that corresponds to theselected Transaction ID. In this example, the determined Product ID isR9ANT20EJY.

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 of FIG. 2 also determinesa device/user identifier 124 corresponding to an account used to performthe selected transaction (block 712). For example, theimpression/transaction matcher 208 may determine the Device/User ID,from Table 1 above, that corresponds to the selected Transaction ID. Inthis example, the determined Device/User ID is HOI35JGETR.

The example impression/transaction matcher 208 determines whether theselected media impression matches the selected transaction based on therespective products and the respective device/user identifiers (block714). For example, the impression/transaction matcher 208 compares theDevice/User ID of the selected impression (e.g., Device/User IDHOI35JGETR) to the Device/User ID of the selected transaction (e.g.,Device/User ID HOI35JGETR) and compares the Product ID of the selectedimpression (e.g., Product ID R9ANT20EJY) to the Product ID of theselected transaction (e.g., Product ID R9ANT20EJY).

If the selected media impression matches the selected transaction (block714), the example impression/transaction matcher 208 of FIG. 2determines whether a time/date of the selected media impression occurredprior to the time/date of the selected transaction (block 716). Forexample, the impression/transaction matcher 208 compares the time/dateof the selected impression (e.g., 2014-07-08:09:15:00) to the time/dateof the selected transaction (block 2014-07-09:19:12:00). If thetime/date of the selected media impression occurred prior to thetime/date of the selected transaction (block 716), the exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208 associates the selected transactionto the selected media impression (block 718). By associating theselected transaction to the selected media impression (block 718), theexample impression/transaction matcher 208 may infer that the mediaimpression may have contributed or did actually contribute to theoccurrence of the transaction (e.g., media corresponding to the mediaimpression influenced a user to make the transaction).

If the time/date of the selected media impression does not occur priorto the time/date of the selected transaction (block 716), or if theselected media impression does not match the selected transaction (block714), the example impression/transaction matcher 208 determines whetherthere are additional transactions to compare to the selected mediaimpression (block 720). If there are additional transactions to compareto the selected media impression (block 720), control returns to block708 to select another transaction (e.g., to select another transactionrecord from Table 2).

If there are no more transactions to compare to the selected mediaimpression (block 720), or after associating the selected transaction tothe selected media impression (block 718), the exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208 determines whether there areadditional media impressions (block 722). If there are additional mediaimpressions (block 722), control returns to block 702 to select anothermedia impression. When there are no more media impressions (block 722),the example instructions 700 of FIG. 7 end and control returns to acalling function or process such as the example instructions of FIG. 6.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show a flow diagram representative of example machinereadable instructions 800 which may be executed to implement the exampleaudience measurement server 132 of FIG. 1 and/or the exampleimpression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2 to determine media andpublisher effectiveness. In some examples, the example instructions 800of FIGS. 8A and 8B may be performed to implement block 612 of FIG. 6.The example instructions 800 of FIGS. 8A and 8B will be described withreference to the example impression-transaction analyzer 200 of FIG. 2.

The example group identifier 210 of FIG. 2 selects a publisher (block802). For example, the group identifier 210 may select an app publisher(e.g., a publisher of the app 116 of FIG. 1, a publisher of the browser117 of FIG. 1, etc.) and/or a media publisher (e.g., a publisher ofmedia 118 presented on the mobile device 106 of FIG. 1 via the app 116and/or via the browser 117).

The example group identifier 210 assigns device/user identifiers 124that correspond to media impressions for media of interest and that arepresented by the selected publisher to an “exposed group” thatcorresponds to the selected publisher (block 804). The exposed group forthe selected publisher therefore includes device/user identifiers 124 ofthose mobile devices 106 from which impression data 130, specifying themedia of interest and the selected publisher, has been received. Forexample, if the selected publisher is a publisher of the app 116, theexposed group for the selected publisher includes the device/useridentifiers 124 for mobile devices 106 on which media impressions haveoccurred using the app 116 (e.g., according to the impression data 130reporting the media impressions to the AME 108).

The example transaction aggregator 212 determines a number oftransactions that correspond to the device/user identifiers 124 in theexposed group for the selected publisher (block 806). For example, thetransaction aggregator 212 may determine a number of transactions thatmatch the device/user identifiers 124. The identification of matchingtransactions may be performed prior to executing the instructions 800(e.g., by the impression/transaction matcher 208), such as by executingblock 610 of FIG. 6 and/or by executing the instructions 700 of FIG. 7.

The example transaction aggregator 212 calculates a proportion of theexposed group for the selected publisher that purchased the productrepresented in the media of interest (block 808). For example, thetransaction aggregator 212 determines the number of the device/useridentifiers 124 that were associated with a media impression thatmatched a transaction, as a percentage of the total number ofdevice/user identifiers 124 in the exposed group. The exampletransaction aggregator 212 may calculate the proportion the first and/orsecond time periods, individually and/or together as a single timeperiod.

The example transaction aggregator 212 of FIG. 2 assigns transactionsassociated with the exposed group for the selected publisher to firstand second time periods, based on the times/dates of the transactions(block 810). The example first and second time periods may be used todivide transactions into 1) transactions occurring prior to mediaimpressions corresponding to the media of interest (e.g., prior to amedia campaign in which the media is to be delivered to mobile devicesto cause media impressions) and, therefore, not having any effect onsales of the product represented in the media and 2) transactionsoccurring after media impressions corresponding to the media of interesthave begun (e.g., subsequent to the initiation of the media campaign,such as during and/or after the media campaign) and, therefore,potentially having an effect on sales of the product.

The example group identifier 210 determines a set of device/useridentifiers 124 that are not associated with media impressions for themedia of interest (block 812). For example, the group identifier 210 mayuse device/user identifiers 124 associated with media impressions formedia other than the media of interest, where the impression-transactionanalyzer 200 has not received impression data 130 indicating animpression of the media of interest occurring in association with thedevice/user identifier 124. In some examples, the group identifier 210may use device/user identifiers 124 and/or impression data 130 fromother media campaigns (e.g., media campaigns not associated with themedia of interest, in which other media is presented at the mobiledevices) and verify that the device/user identifiers 124 have not had amedia impression of the media of interest.

The example group identifier 210 assigns the set of device/useridentifiers 124 to a “control group” corresponding to the selectedpublisher (block 814). The control group represents device/useridentifiers 124 and/or mobile devices 106 that have not been exposed tothe media of interest.

The example transaction requester 206 requests transaction informationfor the device/user identifiers in the control group from the merchantdatabase proprietor 146 (block 816). For example, the transactionrequester 206 may send one or more transaction requests 152 includingthe device/user identifiers 124 in the control group and productinformation 154 for a product represented in the media of interest(e.g., the same product used in block 808).

The example transaction aggregator 212 of FIG. 2 assigns transactionsassociated with the control group for the selected publisher to firstand second time periods, based on the times/dates of the transactions(block 818). The example first and second time periods may be used todivide transactions into the first and second time periods describedabove with reference to block 810 (e.g., to facilitate comparison ofcontrol group and the exposed group during the same time periods).

Based on transaction information 150 received from the merchant databaseproprietor 146 (e.g., in response to the request of block 814), theexample transaction aggregator 212 of FIG. 2 calculates a proportion ofthe control group for the selected publisher that purchased the productrepresented in the media of interest (block 820). For example, thetransaction aggregator 212 determines a number of the device/useridentifiers 124 in the control group for which transactions includingthe product were received from the merchant database proprietor 146 inresponse to the request of block 816. The example transaction aggregator212 may calculate the proportion for the first and/or second timeperiods, individually and/or together as a single time period.

The example group identifier 210 determines whether there are anyadditional publishers (block 822). If there are additional publishers(block 822), control returns to block 802 to select another publisher.

When there are no more publishers, control is passed to block 824 ofFIG. 8B, where the example effectiveness calculator 214 of FIG. 2compares proportions of sales for each of the publishers to determine apublisher effectiveness by sales differences. Using the table 300 andthe example publishers 302, 304 described above with reference to FIG.3, the example effectiveness calculator 214 may compare the exposedgroup sales 312 of Publisher A 302 (e.g., 22,100 sales from 35,400device/user identifiers, or 62.4% of the exposed group) to exposed groupsales 312 of Publisher B 304 (e.g., 10,600 sales from 30,100 device/useridentifiers, or 35.2% of the exposed group).

The example effectiveness calculator 214 of FIG. 2 determines a saleslift, for each of the example publishers, between the control group andthe exposed group and between the first time period and the second timeperiod (block 826). For example, using the example of FIG. 3 describedabove, the sales lift 314 for Publisher A 302 is the increase in thesales proportion between the control group (e.g., 34.4%) and the exposedgroup (e.g., 62.4%), or 81.3% (e.g., the percentage of sales in theexposed group for publisher A 302 divided by the percentage of sales inthe control group for publisher A 302 (62.4%/34.4%)). Similarly, thesales lift 314 for Publisher B 304 is the increase in the salesproportion between the control group (e.g., 32%) and the exposed group(e.g., 35.2%), or 10% (e.g., the percentage of sales in the exposedgroup for publisher B 304 divided by the percentage of sales in thecontrol group for publisher B 304 (35.2%/32%)).

The example effectiveness calculator 214 compares the sales lift foreach of the example publishers 302, 304 to determine a publishereffectiveness by the sales lift difference (block 828). For example, theeffectiveness calculator 214 compares the sales lift 314 of thePublisher A 302 (e.g., 81.3%) to the sales lift 314 of the Publisher B304 (e.g., 10%). In this example, the effectiveness calculator 214 maydetermine that Publisher A 302 is more effective than Publisher B 304for the media of interest. Publisher A 302 may be more effective thanPublisher B 304 because, for example, Publisher A 302 may reach anaudience that is more likely to be influenced by the media of interest.

The example effectiveness calculator 214 determines a mediaeffectiveness for the media of interest based on a difference in thechanges in sales between the first time period and the second timeperiod for each of the control group and the exposed group (block 830).For example, the effectiveness calculator 214 may compare A) the changein sales for the control group between the first time period (e.g., 10%of the device/user identifiers in the control group purchased theproduct of interest during the first time period) and the second timeperiod (e.g., 12% of the device/user identifiers in the control grouppurchased the product of interest during the second time period) to B)the change in sales for the exposed group between the first time period(e.g., 16% of the device/user identifiers in the exposed group purchasedthe product of interest during the first time period) and the secondtime period (e.g., 46% of the device/user identifiers in the exposedgroup purchased the product of interest during the second time period).By comparing the changes in sales across the time periods between thegroups, the example effectiveness calculator 214 controls for extraneousinfluences (e.g., non-mobile device media impressions for the sameproduct) to more accurately capture the effect of the media of interest.

The example instructions 800 of FIGS. 8A and 8B then end and, forexample, control returns to a calling function or process such as theexample instructions of FIG. 6.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions 900 which may be executed to implement the example merchantdatabase proprietor 146 of FIG. 1 and/or the example transactioninformation provider 500 of FIG. 5 to associate device/user identifiersto merchant database proprietor accounts. The example instructions 900are described with reference to the example transaction informationprovider 500 of FIG. 5.

The example user authenticator 502 of FIG. 5 receives a request from amobile device (e.g., merchant account information 148 from the mobiledevice 106 of FIG. 1, the app 116 of FIG. 1) to access an account at themerchant database proprietor for performing a transaction (block 902).For example, the transaction information provider 500 may enableauthenticated users to view and/or purchase products from thetransaction information provider 500 and/or through the systems of thetransaction information provider 500.

The example user authenticator 502 determines whether the request isauthenticated (block 904). For example, the user authenticator 502 mayuse any past, present, or future authentication techniques toauthenticate the merchant account information 148 included in therequest.

If the request is authenticated (block 904), the exampleaccount-identifier correlator 504 of FIG. 5 extracts a device/useridentifier (e.g., the device/user identifier 124 of FIG. 1) from therequest (block 906). Example types of a device/user identifier 124 thatmay be extracted include hardware identifiers (e.g., an internationalmobile equipment identity (IMEI), a mobile equipment identifier (MEID),a media access control (MAC) address, etc.), an app store identifier(e.g., a Google Android ID, an Apple ID, an Amazon ID, etc.), an opensource unique device identifier (OpenUDID), an open deviceidentification number (ODIN), a login identifier (e.g., a username), anemail address, user agent data (e.g., application type, operatingsystem, software vendor, software revision, etc.), third-party serviceidentifiers (e.g., an “Identifier for Advertising” (IDFA), advertisingservice identifiers, device usage analytics service identifiers,demographics collection service identifiers), web storage data, documentobject model (DOM) storage data, local shared objects (also referred toas “Flash cookies”), etc. In some examples, the transaction informationprovider 500 agrees with the AME 108 ahead of time on a same type ofdevice/user identifier 124 that is accessible to both entities.

The example account-identifier correlator 504 determines whether theextracted device/user identifier 124 is stored in association with anyaccounts in the user account database 512 of FIG. 5 (block 908). Forexample, the user account database 512 stores associations ofdevice/user identifiers 124 and user accounts.

When the extracted device/user identifier 124 is not yet stored inassociation with any accounts in the user account database 512 of FIG. 5(block 908), the example account-identifier correlator 504 stores theextracted device/user identifier 124 in association with theauthenticated account (block 910). For example, the account-identifiercorrelator 504 stores the extracted device/user identifier 124 in theuser account database 512 and indicates that the extracted device/useridentifier 124 corresponds to the user account.

After storing the device/user identifier 124 (block 910), if theextracted device/user identifier 124 is associated with an accounts inthe user account database 512 of FIG. 5 (block 908), or if the requestto access the account is not authenticated (block 904), the exampleinstructions 900 of FIG. 9 end.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions 1000 which may be executed to implement the examplemerchant database proprietor 146 of FIG. 1 and/or the exampletransaction information provider 500 of FIG. 5 to provide transactioninformation. The example instructions 1000 are described with referenceto the example transaction information provider 500 of FIG. 5.

The example transaction query generator 508 of FIG. 5 receives atransaction request including a device/user identifier 124 (block 1002).For example, the transaction query generator 508 may receive atransaction request 152 from the AME 108 of FIG. 1.

The example transaction query generator 508 retrieves accountinformation corresponding to the device/user identifier 124 in therequest 152 (block 1004). For example, the transaction query generator508 may query the user account database 512 of FIG. 5 using thedevice/user identifier 124, and the user account database 512 determineswhether the device/user identifier 124 corresponds to a user accountstored in the user account database 512.

The example transaction query generator 508 determines whether thedevice/user identifier 124 is associated with an account identifier(block 1006). For example, the device/user identifier 124 may have beenpreviously stored in association with an account identifier in the useraccount database 512 using the example instructions 900 of FIG. 9.

When the device/user identifier 124 is associated with an accountidentifier (block 1006), the example transaction query generator 508 ofFIG. 5 retrieves transactions performed using the account correspondingto the account identifier (e.g., the account identifier determined inblock 1006) (block 1008). For example, the transaction query generator508 may query the transaction database 516 of FIG. 5 using the accountidentifier to determine the transactions performed using the accountidentifier. The transaction database 516 provides transactioninformation for each retrieved transaction, such as a device/useridentifier, a transaction identifier, products purchased in thetransaction, and a time/date the transaction occurred.

The example transaction query generator 508 determines whether thetransaction request 152 includes a time/date range (block 1010). Forexample, the transaction request 152 may specify a time/date range ofinterest (e.g., a time/date prior to which transactions are notdesired). The time/date range may be closed or open-ended. If thetransaction request includes a time/date range (block 1010), the exampletransaction query generator 508 filters the retrieved transactions(e.g., the transactions from block 1008) to remove transactions fallingoutside the time/date range specified in the transaction request 152.

After filtering the retrieved transactions (block 1012), or if thetransaction request 152 does not include a time/date range (block 1010),the example transaction query generator 508 determines whether thetransaction request 152 includes product information (e.g., the productinformation 154 of FIG. 1) (block 1014). Example product information 154specifies a product of interest to the AME 108 (e.g., a product that isrepresented in media corresponding to a media impression at a mobiledevice 106).

If the transaction request includes product information 154 (block1014), the example transaction query generator 508 retrieves a productidentifier based on the product information 154 (block 1016). Forexample, the transaction query generator 508 may query the productdatabase 514 of FIG. 5 to determine a product identifier thatcorresponds to the product information 154 specified by the AME 108 inthe request 152. The example transaction query generator 508 filters theretrieved transactions to remove transactions that do not include theproduct identifier (block 1018).

After filtering the retrieved transactions (block 1018), or if thetransaction request 152 does not include product information 154 (block1014), the example transaction reporter 510 returns the transactioninformation 150 (e.g., the transaction information remaining afterfiltering in block 1012 and/or block 1018) to the AME 108 in response tothe transaction request 152 (block 1020). For example, the transactionreporter 510 may send one or more transaction records (e.g., the examplerecords illustrated in Table 2 above), including a Transaction ID, aProduct ID, a Device/User ID, and/or a Time/Date, to the example AME 108as a response to the transaction request 152.

After returning the transaction information (block 1020), or if thedevice/user identifier 124 is not associated with an account identifier(block 1006), the example instructions 1000 of FIG. 10 end.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram representative of example machine readableinstructions 1100 which may be executed to implement the examplemerchant database proprietor 146 of FIG. 1 and/or the exampletransaction information provider 500 of FIG. 5 to provide transactioninformation. In contrast to the example instructions 1000 of FIG. 10described above, the instructions 1100 of FIG. 11 may be executed when,for example, a transaction request 152 from the AME 108 of FIG. 1 doesnot include a device/user identifier 124. The example instructions 1100are described with reference to the example transaction informationprovider 500 of FIG. 5.

The example transaction query generator 508 of FIG. 5 receives atransaction request (e.g., a transaction request 152 from the AME 108)that includes product information (e.g., the product information 154 ofFIG. 1) (block 1102).

The example transaction query generator 508 retrieves a productidentifier based on the product information 154 (block 1104). Forexample, the transaction query generator 508 may query the productdatabase 514 of FIG. 5 to determine a product identifier thatcorresponds to the product information 154 specified by the AME 108 inthe request 152.

The example transaction query generator 508 of FIG. 5 retrievestransaction records that include the product identifier (e.g., theproduct retrieved in block 1104) (block 1106). For example, thetransaction query generator 508 may query the transaction database 516of FIG. 5 using the product identifier to determine all of the performedtransactions involving the product corresponding to the productidentifier. In response to the query, the transaction database 516provides transaction information for each identified transaction, suchas a device/user identifier, a transaction identifier, productspurchased in the transaction, and a time/date the transaction occurred.

The example transaction query generator 508 selects a transaction fromthe retrieved transactions (block 1108). The example transaction querygenerator 508 looks up an account used to perform the selectedtransaction in an account database to identify a device/user identifier124 corresponding to the account (block 1110). For example, thetransaction query generator 508 may look up an account specified in theselected transaction record, which is used to query the user accountdatabase 512 to determine whether any device/user identifiers correspondto the account.

The transaction query generator 508 determines whether the account usedto perform the selected transaction is associated with a device/useridentifier 124 (block 1112). If the account used to perform the selectedtransaction is associated with a device/user identifier 124 (block1112), the example transaction query generator 508 determines whetherthe transaction request 152 includes a time/date range (block 1114). Forexample, the transaction request 152 may specify a time/date range ofinterest (e.g., a time/date prior to which transactions are notdesired). The time/date range may be closed or open-ended.

If the transaction request 152 includes a time/date range (block 1114),the example transaction query generator 508 determines whether thetime/date of the selected transaction falls within the time/date range(block 1116). If the time/date of the selected transaction does not fallwithin the time/date range (block 1116), or if the account used toperform the selected transaction is not associated with a device/useridentifier 124 (block 1112), the example transaction query generator 508removes the selected transaction from the retrieved transactions (e.g.,the transactions from block 1106).

After removing the selected transaction (block 1118), or if 1) theaccount used to perform the selected transaction is associated with adevice/user identifier 124 (block 1112) and 2) either A) the time/dateof the selected transaction falls within the time/date range (block1116) or B) the transaction request 152 does not include a time/daterange (block 1114), the example transaction query generator 508determines whether there are additional retrieved transactions (block1120). If there are additional retrieved transactions (block 1120),control returns to block 1108 to select another transaction.

When there are no more retrieved transactions (block 1120), the exampletransaction reporter 510 returns the transaction information 150 (e.g.,the transaction information remaining after filtering in blocks1110-1118) to the example AME 108 in response to the transaction request152 (block 1122). For example, the transaction reporter 510 may returnone or more transaction records (e.g., the example records illustratedin Table 2 above), including a Transaction ID, a Product ID, aDevice/User ID, and/or a Time/Date, to the AME 108. The exampleinstructions 1100 of FIG. 11 then end.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of an example processor platform 1200 capableof executing the instructions of FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and/or 11 toimplement the example product checker 202, the example product database204, the example transaction requester 206, the exampleimpression/transaction matcher 208, the example group identifier 210,the example transaction aggregator 212, the example effectivenesscalculator 214, the example user authenticator 502, the exampleaccount-identifier correlator 504, the example transaction engine 506,the example transaction query generator 508, the example transactionreporter 510, the example user account database 512, the example productdatabase 514, the example transaction database 516 and/or, moregenerally, the example audience measurement entity 108, the exampleaudience measurement server 132, and/or the example merchant databaseproprietor 146 of FIG. 1, the example impression-transaction analyzer200 of FIG. 2, and/or the example transaction information provider 500of FIG. 5. The processor platform 1200 can be, for example, a server, apersonal computer, a mobile device (e.g., a cell phone, a smart phone, atablet such as an iPad™ tablet), an Internet appliance, or any othertype of computing device.

The processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example includes aprocessor 1212. The processor 1212 of the illustrated example ishardware. For example, the processor 1212 can be implemented by one ormore integrated circuits, logic circuits, microprocessors or controllersfrom any desired family or manufacturer.

The processor 1212 of the illustrated example includes a local memory1213 (e.g., a cache). The processor 1212 of the illustrated example isin communication with a main memory including a volatile memory 1214 anda non-volatile memory 1216 via a bus 1218. The volatile memory 1214 maybe implemented by Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM),Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), RAMBUS Dynamic Random Access Memory(RDRAM) and/or any other type of random access memory device. Thenon-volatile memory 1216 may be implemented by flash memory and/or anyother desired type of memory device. Access to the main memory 1214,1216 is controlled by a memory controller.

The processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes aninterface circuit 1220. The interface circuit 1220 may be implemented byany type of interface standard, such as an Ethernet interface, auniversal serial bus (USB), and/or a PCI express interface.

In the illustrated example, one or more input devices 1222 are connectedto the interface circuit 1220. The input device(s) 1222 permit(s) a userto enter data and commands into the processor 1212. The input device(s)can be implemented by, for example, an audio sensor, a microphone, acamera (still or video), a keyboard, a button, a mouse, a touchscreen, atrack-pad, a trackball, isopoint and/or a voice recognition system.

One or more output devices 1224 are also connected to the interfacecircuit 1220 of the illustrated example. The output devices 1224 can beimplemented, for example, by display devices (e.g., a light emittingdiode (LED), an organic light emitting diode (OLED), a liquid crystaldisplay, a cathode ray tube display (CRT), a touchscreen, a tactileoutput device, a light emitting diode (LED), a printer and/or speakers).The interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example, thus, typicallyincludes a graphics driver card, a graphics driver chip or a graphicsdriver processor.

The interface circuit 1220 of the illustrated example also includes acommunication device such as a transmitter, a receiver, a transceiver, amodem and/or network interface card to facilitate exchange of data withexternal machines (e.g., computing devices of any kind) via a network1226 (e.g., an Ethernet connection, a digital subscriber line (DSL), atelephone line, coaxial cable, a cellular telephone system, etc.).

The processor platform 1200 of the illustrated example also includes oneor more mass storage devices 1228 for storing software and/or data.Examples of such mass storage devices 1228 include floppy disk drives,hard drive disks, compact disk drives, Blu-ray disk drives, RAIDsystems, and digital versatile disk (DVD) drives.

Coded instructions 1232 to implement the example machine readableinstructions of FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and/or 11 may be stored in themass storage device 1228, in the volatile memory 1214, in thenon-volatile memory 1216, and/or on a removable tangible computerreadable storage medium such as a CD or DVD.

Although certain example methods, apparatus and articles of manufacturehave been disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is notlimited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods,apparatus and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope ofthe claims of this patent.

1. A method comprising: transmitting a request for commercialtransaction information to a database proprietor, the request includingan identifier corresponding to a media impression associated with mediapresented via a computing device; receiving the commercial transactioninformation in response to the request, the commercial transactioninformation comprising data associated with a commercial transactionconducted using an account accessed by the computing device; andassociating, using a processor, the media impression with the commercialtransaction.
 2. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the identifiercomprises at least one of a unique identifier of the computing device ora user identifier of a user associated with the account.
 3. A method asdefined in claim 1, further comprising identifying a product representedin the media corresponding to the media impression, the request furthercomprising a product identifier of the product.
 4. A method as definedin claim 3, wherein the media is an advertisement for the product ormedia content including an intentional product placement of the productin the media content.
 5. A method as defined in claim 1, whereinassociating the media impression with the commercial transactioncomprises: determining that the identifier corresponding to the mediaimpression matches an account identifier associated with the accountused to perform the commercial transaction; determining that thecommercial transaction involved a product or service represented in themedia corresponding to the media impression; and determining that themedia impression occurred prior to the commercial transaction.
 6. Amethod as defined in claim 1, wherein the commercial transactioninformation comprises a product identifier of a product purchased in thecommercial transaction and a date of the commercial transaction.
 7. Amethod as defined in claim 1, further comprising calculating a mediaeffectiveness metric for the media by: grouping first device identifiersin a control set, the first device identifiers being associated withcomputing devices not receiving the media, the media corresponding tothe media impression and representing a product; grouping second deviceidentifiers in an exposed set, the second device identifiers beingassociated with computing devices on which impressions of the mediarepresenting the product occurred, and the first and second deviceidentifiers being recognizable by a merchant of the product; determininga difference between sales corresponding to the first device identifiersand sales corresponding to the second device identifiers; andcalculating the media effectiveness metric based on the salesdifference.
 8. A method as defined in claim 1, further comprisingcalculating a publisher effectiveness metric by: grouping first deviceidentifiers corresponding to impressions occurring via a firstpublisher; grouping second device identifiers corresponding toimpressions occurring via a second publisher, the first deviceidentifiers and the second device identifiers being associated withcomputing devices on which impressions of the media representing aproduct occurred, and the first device identifiers and the second deviceidentifiers being recognizable by a merchant of the product; determininga first sales lift for the first publisher based on sales correspondingto the first device identifiers; determining a second sales lift for thesecond publisher based on sales corresponding to the second deviceidentifiers; determining a sales lift difference between the first saleslift and the second sales lift; and calculating the publishereffectiveness metric for at least one of the first publisher or thesecond publisher based on the sales lift difference.
 9. A method asdefined in claim 1, wherein the commercial transaction information isreceived from a proprietor of an application executed on the computingdevice.
 10. An apparatus, comprising: a transaction requester to requestcommercial transaction information associated with a device identifier,the device identifier corresponding to a media impression occurring at acomputing device; and a matcher to associate the media impression with acommercial transaction conducted using an account accessed by thecomputing device, the matcher to associate the media impression with thecommercial transaction based on the commercial transaction informationreceived in response to the request, at least one of the transactionrequester or the matcher being implemented by a logic circuit.
 11. Anapparatus as defined in claim 10, wherein the matcher is to associatethe media impression with the commercial transaction by: determiningthat the device identifier corresponding to the media impression matchesa stored device identifier associated with the account used to performthe commercial transaction; determining that the commercial transactionis associated with a product represented in media corresponding to themedia impression; and determining that the media impression occurredprior to the commercial transaction.
 12. An apparatus as defined inclaim 10, further comprising a product checker to identify a productrepresented in media corresponding to the media impression, the requestfurther comprising a product identifier of the product.
 13. An apparatusas defined in claim 12, wherein the media is an advertisement for theproduct or media content including an intentional product placement ofthe product in the media content.
 14. An apparatus as defined in claim10, further comprising: a group identifier to identify first deviceidentifiers as a control set and to identify second device identifiersas an exposed set, the first device identifiers being collected fromcomputing devices not receiving media representing a product, the seconddevice identifiers being collected from computing devices on whichimpressions of the media representing the product occurred, and thefirst and second device identifiers being recognizable by a merchant ofthe product; a transaction aggregator to determine a difference betweensales corresponding to the control set and sales corresponding to theexposed set; and an effectiveness calculator to calculate a mediaeffectiveness metric based on the sales difference.
 15. An apparatus asdefined in claim 10, further comprising: a group identifier to identifyfirst device identifiers associated with media presented on firstcomputing devices via a first publisher and to identify second deviceidentifiers associated with media presented on second computing devicesvia a second publisher, the media representing a product, and the firstdevice identifiers and the second device identifiers being recognizableby a merchant of the product; a transaction aggregator to determine afirst sales lift based on sales corresponding to the first deviceidentifiers and to determine a second sales lift based on salescorresponding to the second device identifiers; and an effectivenesscalculator to determine a sales lift difference between the first saleslift and the second sales lift and to calculate a publishereffectiveness metric for at least one of the first publisher or thesecond publisher based on the sales lift difference.
 16. A tangiblecomputer readable storage medium comprising computer readableinstructions which, when executed, cause a logic circuit to at least:transmit a request for commercial transaction information to a databaseproprietor, the request including an identifier corresponding to a mediaimpression associated with media presented via a computing device;access the commercial transaction information in response to therequest, the commercial transaction information comprising dataassociated with a commercial transaction conducted using an accountaccessed by the computing device; and associate the media impressionwith the commercial transaction.
 17. A storage medium as defined inclaim 16, wherein the identifier comprises at least one of a uniqueidentifier of the computing device or a user identifier of a userassociated with the account.
 18. A storage medium as defined in claim16, wherein the instructions are further to cause the logic circuit toidentify a product represented in the media corresponding to the mediaimpression, the request further comprising a product identifier of theproduct.
 19. A storage medium as defined in claim 16, wherein theinstructions are to cause the logic circuit to associate the mediaimpression with the commercial transaction by: determining that theidentifier corresponding to the media impression matches an accountidentifier associated with the account used to perform the commercialtransaction; determining that the commercial transaction involved aproduct or service represented in the media corresponding to the mediaimpression; and determining that the media impression occurred prior tothe commercial transaction.
 20. A storage medium as defined in claim 16,wherein the commercial transaction information comprises a productidentifier of a product purchased in the commercial transaction and adate of the commercial transaction.
 21. A storage medium as defined inclaim 16, wherein the instructions are further to cause the logiccircuit to calculate a media effectiveness metric for mediacorresponding to the media impression by: grouping first deviceidentifiers in a control set, the first device identifiers beingassociated with computing devices not receiving the media, the mediacorresponding to the media impression and representing a product;grouping second device identifiers in an exposed set, the second deviceidentifiers being associated with computing devices on which impressionsof the media representing the product occurred, and the first and seconddevice identifiers being recognizable by a merchant of the product;determining a difference between sales corresponding to the first deviceidentifiers and sales corresponding to the second device identifiers;and calculating the media effectiveness metric based on the salesdifference.
 22. A storage medium as defined in claim 16, wherein theinstructions are further to cause the logic circuit to calculate apublisher effectiveness metric by: grouping first device identifierscorresponding to impressions occurring via a first publisher; groupingsecond device identifiers corresponding to impressions occurring via asecond publisher, the first device identifiers and the second deviceidentifiers being associated with computing devices on which impressionsof the media representing a product occurred, and the first deviceidentifiers and the second device identifiers being recognizable by amerchant of the product; determining a first sales lift for the firstpublisher based on sales corresponding to the first device identifiers;determining a second sales lift for the second publisher based on salescorresponding to the second device identifiers; determining a sales liftdifference between the first sales lift and the second sales lift; andcalculating a publisher effectiveness metric for at least one of thefirst publisher or the second publisher based on the sales liftdifference. 23-42. (canceled)